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><HEAD
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>SAMBA Project Documentation</TITLE
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CLASS="BOOK"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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><DIV
CLASS="BOOK"
><A
NAME="SAMBA-PROJECT-DOCUMENTATION"
></A
><DIV
CLASS="TITLEPAGE"
><H1
CLASS="TITLE"
><A
NAME="SAMBA-PROJECT-DOCUMENTATION"
>SAMBA Project Documentation</A
></H1
><H3
CLASS="AUTHOR"
><A
NAME="AEN4"
>SAMBA Team</A
></H3
><HR></DIV
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN8"
>Abstract</A
></H1
><P
><EM
>Last Update</EM
> : Mon Apr  1 08:47:26 CST 2002</P
><P
>This book is a collection of HOWTOs added to Samba documentation over the years.
I try to ensure that all are current, but sometimes the is a larger job
than one person can maintain.  The most recent version of this document
can be found at <A
HREF="http://www.samba.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.samba.org/</A
>
on the "Documentation" page.  Please send updates to <A
HREF="mailto:jerry@samba.org"
TARGET="_top"
>jerry@samba.org</A
>.</P
><P
>This documentation is distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) 
version 2.  A copy of the license is included with the Samba source
distribution.  A copy can be found on-line at <A
HREF="http://www.fsf.org/licenses/gpl.txt"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.fsf.org/licenses/gpl.txt</A
></P
><P
>Cheers, jerry</P
><DIV
CLASS="TOC"
><DL
><DT
><B
>Table of Contents</B
></DT
><DT
>1. <A
HREF="#INSTALL"
>How to Install and Test SAMBA</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>1.1. <A
HREF="#AEN20"
>Step 0: Read the man pages</A
></DT
><DT
>1.2. <A
HREF="#AEN28"
>Step 1: Building the Binaries</A
></DT
><DT
>1.3. <A
HREF="#AEN56"
>Step 2: The all important step</A
></DT
><DT
>1.4. <A
HREF="#AEN60"
>Step 3: Create the smb configuration file.</A
></DT
><DT
>1.5. <A
HREF="#AEN74"
>Step 4: Test your config file with 
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>testparm</B
></A
></DT
><DT
>1.6. <A
HREF="#AEN80"
>Step 5: Starting the smbd and nmbd</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>1.6.1. <A
HREF="#AEN90"
>Step 5a: Starting from inetd.conf</A
></DT
><DT
>1.6.2. <A
HREF="#AEN119"
>Step 5b. Alternative: starting it as a daemon</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>1.7. <A
HREF="#AEN135"
>Step 6: Try listing the shares available on your 
	server</A
></DT
><DT
>1.8. <A
HREF="#AEN144"
>Step 7: Try connecting with the unix client</A
></DT
><DT
>1.9. <A
HREF="#AEN160"
>Step 8: Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT, 
	Win2k, OS/2, etc... client</A
></DT
><DT
>1.10. <A
HREF="#AEN174"
>What If Things Don't Work?</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>1.10.1. <A
HREF="#AEN179"
>Diagnosing Problems</A
></DT
><DT
>1.10.2. <A
HREF="#AEN183"
>Scope IDs</A
></DT
><DT
>1.10.3. <A
HREF="#AEN186"
>Choosing the Protocol Level</A
></DT
><DT
>1.10.4. <A
HREF="#AEN195"
>Printing from UNIX to a Client PC</A
></DT
><DT
>1.10.5. <A
HREF="#AEN199"
>Locking</A
></DT
><DT
>1.10.6. <A
HREF="#AEN208"
>Mapping Usernames</A
></DT
><DT
>1.10.7. <A
HREF="#AEN211"
>Other Character Sets</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>2. <A
HREF="#INTEGRATE-MS-NETWORKS"
>Integrating MS Windows networks with Samba</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>2.1. <A
HREF="#AEN225"
>Agenda</A
></DT
><DT
>2.2. <A
HREF="#AEN247"
>Name Resolution in a pure Unix/Linux world</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>2.2.1. <A
HREF="#AEN263"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/hosts</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>2.2.2. <A
HREF="#AEN279"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/resolv.conf</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>2.2.3. <A
HREF="#AEN290"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/host.conf</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>2.2.4. <A
HREF="#AEN298"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/nsswitch.conf</TT
></A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>2.3. <A
HREF="#AEN310"
>Name resolution as used within MS Windows networking</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>2.3.1. <A
HREF="#AEN322"
>The NetBIOS Name Cache</A
></DT
><DT
>2.3.2. <A
HREF="#AEN327"
>The LMHOSTS file</A
></DT
><DT
>2.3.3. <A
HREF="#AEN335"
>HOSTS file</A
></DT
><DT
>2.3.4. <A
HREF="#AEN340"
>DNS Lookup</A
></DT
><DT
>2.3.5. <A
HREF="#AEN343"
>WINS Lookup</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>2.4. <A
HREF="#AEN355"
>How browsing functions and how to deploy stable and 
dependable browsing using Samba</A
></DT
><DT
>2.5. <A
HREF="#AEN365"
>MS Windows security options and how to configure 
Samba for seemless integration</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>2.5.1. <A
HREF="#AEN393"
>Use MS Windows NT as an authentication server</A
></DT
><DT
>2.5.2. <A
HREF="#AEN401"
>Make Samba a member of an MS Windows NT security domain</A
></DT
><DT
>2.5.3. <A
HREF="#AEN418"
>Configure Samba as an authentication server</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>2.5.3.1. <A
HREF="#AEN425"
>Users</A
></DT
><DT
>2.5.3.2. <A
HREF="#AEN430"
>MS Windows NT Machine Accounts</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>2.6. <A
HREF="#AEN435"
>Conclusions</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>3. <A
HREF="#PAM"
>Configuring PAM for distributed but centrally 
managed authentication</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>3.1. <A
HREF="#AEN456"
>Samba and PAM</A
></DT
><DT
>3.2. <A
HREF="#AEN500"
>Distributed Authentication</A
></DT
><DT
>3.3. <A
HREF="#AEN507"
>PAM Configuration in smb.conf</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>4. <A
HREF="#MSDFS"
>Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>4.1. <A
HREF="#AEN527"
>Instructions</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>4.1.1. <A
HREF="#AEN562"
>Notes</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>5. <A
HREF="#UNIX-PERMISSIONS"
>UNIX Permission Bits and Windows NT Access Control Lists</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>5.1. <A
HREF="#AEN582"
>Viewing and changing UNIX permissions using the NT 
	security dialogs</A
></DT
><DT
>5.2. <A
HREF="#AEN591"
>How to view file security on a Samba share</A
></DT
><DT
>5.3. <A
HREF="#AEN602"
>Viewing file ownership</A
></DT
><DT
>5.4. <A
HREF="#AEN622"
>Viewing file or directory permissions</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>5.4.1. <A
HREF="#AEN637"
>File Permissions</A
></DT
><DT
>5.4.2. <A
HREF="#AEN651"
>Directory Permissions</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>5.5. <A
HREF="#AEN658"
>Modifying file or directory permissions</A
></DT
><DT
>5.6. <A
HREF="#AEN680"
>Interaction with the standard Samba create mask 
	parameters</A
></DT
><DT
>5.7. <A
HREF="#AEN744"
>Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute 
	mapping</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>6. <A
HREF="#PRINTING"
>Printing Support in Samba 2.2.x</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>6.1. <A
HREF="#AEN765"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>6.2. <A
HREF="#AEN787"
>Configuration</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>6.2.1. <A
HREF="#AEN798"
>Creating [print$]</A
></DT
><DT
>6.2.2. <A
HREF="#AEN833"
>Setting Drivers for Existing Printers</A
></DT
><DT
>6.2.3. <A
HREF="#AEN851"
>DeviceModes and New Printers</A
></DT
><DT
>6.2.4. <A
HREF="#AEN862"
>Support a large number of printers</A
></DT
><DT
>6.2.5. <A
HREF="#AEN873"
>Adding New Printers via the Windows NT APW</A
></DT
><DT
>6.2.6. <A
HREF="#AEN898"
>Samba and Printer Ports</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>6.3. <A
HREF="#AEN906"
>The Imprints Toolset</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>6.3.1. <A
HREF="#AEN911"
>What is Imprints?</A
></DT
><DT
>6.3.2. <A
HREF="#AEN921"
>Creating Printer Driver Packages</A
></DT
><DT
>6.3.3. <A
HREF="#AEN924"
>The Imprints server</A
></DT
><DT
>6.3.4. <A
HREF="#AEN928"
>The Installation Client</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>6.4. <A
HREF="#AEN950"
><A
NAME="MIGRATION"
></A
>Migration to from Samba 2.0.x to 2.2.x</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>6.4.1. <A
HREF="#AEN983"
>Parameters in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf(5)</TT
> for Backwards Compatibility</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>7. <A
HREF="#CUPS"
>Printing with CUPS in Samba 2.2.x</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>7.1. <A
HREF="#AEN999"
>Printing with CUPS in Samba 2.2.x</A
></DT
><DT
>7.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1003"
>Configuring <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> for CUPS</A
></DT
><DT
>7.3. <A
HREF="#AEN1022"
>Using CUPS as a mere spooling print server -- "raw"
printing with vendor drivers download</A
></DT
><DT
>7.4. <A
HREF="#AEN1025"
>CUPS as a network PostScript RIP -- CUPS drivers working on server, Adobe
PostScript driver with CUPS-PPDs downloaded to clients</A
></DT
><DT
>7.5. <A
HREF="#AEN1046"
>Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS clients</A
></DT
><DT
>7.6. <A
HREF="#AEN1050"
>Setting up CUPS for driver download</A
></DT
><DT
>7.7. <A
HREF="#AEN1062"
>Sources of CUPS drivers / PPDs</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>7.7.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1089"
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cupsaddsmb</B
></A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>8. <A
HREF="#DOMAIN-SECURITY"
>security = domain in Samba 2.x</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>8.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1134"
>Joining an NT Domain with Samba 2.2</A
></DT
><DT
>8.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1198"
>Samba and Windows 2000 Domains</A
></DT
><DT
>8.3. <A
HREF="#AEN1203"
>Why is this better than security = server?</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>9. <A
HREF="#SAMBA-PDC"
>How to Configure Samba 2.2 as a Primary Domain Controller</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1236"
>Prerequisite Reading</A
></DT
><DT
>9.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1242"
>Background</A
></DT
><DT
>9.3. <A
HREF="#AEN1281"
>Configuring the Samba Domain Controller</A
></DT
><DT
>9.4. <A
HREF="#AEN1324"
>Creating Machine Trust Accounts and Joining Clients to the
Domain</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9.4.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1343"
>Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</A
></DT
><DT
>9.4.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1378"
>"On-the-Fly" Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</A
></DT
><DT
>9.4.3. <A
HREF="#AEN1387"
>Joining the Client to the Domain</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>9.5. <A
HREF="#AEN1402"
>Common Problems and Errors</A
></DT
><DT
>9.6. <A
HREF="#AEN1450"
>System Policies and Profiles</A
></DT
><DT
>9.7. <A
HREF="#AEN1494"
>What other help can I get?</A
></DT
><DT
>9.8. <A
HREF="#AEN1608"
>Domain Control for Windows 9x/ME</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9.8.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1634"
>Configuration Instructions:	Network Logons</A
></DT
><DT
>9.8.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1653"
>Configuration Instructions:	Setting up Roaming User Profiles</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9.8.2.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1661"
>Windows NT Configuration</A
></DT
><DT
>9.8.2.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1669"
>Windows 9X Configuration</A
></DT
><DT
>9.8.2.3. <A
HREF="#AEN1677"
>Win9X and WinNT Configuration</A
></DT
><DT
>9.8.2.4. <A
HREF="#AEN1684"
>Windows 9X Profile Setup</A
></DT
><DT
>9.8.2.5. <A
HREF="#AEN1720"
>Windows NT Workstation 4.0</A
></DT
><DT
>9.8.2.6. <A
HREF="#AEN1733"
>Windows NT Server</A
></DT
><DT
>9.8.2.7. <A
HREF="#AEN1736"
>Sharing Profiles between W95 and NT Workstation 4.0</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>9.9. <A
HREF="#AEN1746"
>DOMAIN_CONTROL.txt : Windows NT Domain Control &#38; Samba</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>10. <A
HREF="#SAMBA-BDC"
>How to Act as a Backup Domain Controller in a Purely Samba Controlled Domain</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>10.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1782"
>Prerequisite Reading</A
></DT
><DT
>10.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1786"
>Background</A
></DT
><DT
>10.3. <A
HREF="#AEN1794"
>What qualifies a Domain Controller on the network?</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>10.3.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1797"
>How does a Workstation find its domain controller?</A
></DT
><DT
>10.3.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1800"
>When is the PDC needed?</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>10.4. <A
HREF="#AEN1803"
>Can Samba be a Backup Domain Controller?</A
></DT
><DT
>10.5. <A
HREF="#AEN1807"
>How do I set up a Samba BDC?</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>10.5.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1836"
>How do I replicate the smbpasswd file?</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>11. <A
HREF="#SAMBA-LDAP-HOWTO"
>Storing Samba's User/Machine Account information in an LDAP Directory</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>11.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1867"
>Purpose</A
></DT
><DT
>11.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1888"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>11.3. <A
HREF="#AEN1919"
>Supported LDAP Servers</A
></DT
><DT
>11.4. <A
HREF="#AEN1924"
>Schema and Relationship to the RFC 2307 posixAccount</A
></DT
><DT
>11.5. <A
HREF="#AEN1945"
>Configuring Samba with LDAP</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>11.5.1. <A
HREF="#AEN1947"
>OpenLDAP configuration</A
></DT
><DT
>11.5.2. <A
HREF="#AEN1964"
>Configuring Samba</A
></DT
><DT
>11.5.3. <A
HREF="#AEN1992"
>Importing <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smbpasswd</TT
> entries</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>11.6. <A
HREF="#AEN2008"
>Accounts and Groups management</A
></DT
><DT
>11.7. <A
HREF="#AEN2013"
>Security and sambaAccount</A
></DT
><DT
>11.8. <A
HREF="#AEN2033"
>LDAP specials attributes for sambaAccounts</A
></DT
><DT
>11.9. <A
HREF="#AEN2103"
>Example LDIF Entries for a sambaAccount</A
></DT
><DT
>11.10. <A
HREF="#AEN2111"
>Comments</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>12. <A
HREF="#WINBIND"
>Unified Logons between Windows NT and UNIX using Winbind</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>12.1. <A
HREF="#AEN2140"
>Abstract</A
></DT
><DT
>12.2. <A
HREF="#AEN2144"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>12.3. <A
HREF="#AEN2157"
>What Winbind Provides</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>12.3.1. <A
HREF="#AEN2164"
>Target Uses</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>12.4. <A
HREF="#AEN2168"
>How Winbind Works</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>12.4.1. <A
HREF="#AEN2173"
>Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</A
></DT
><DT
>12.4.2. <A
HREF="#AEN2177"
>Name Service Switch</A
></DT
><DT
>12.4.3. <A
HREF="#AEN2193"
>Pluggable Authentication Modules</A
></DT
><DT
>12.4.4. <A
HREF="#AEN2201"
>User and Group ID Allocation</A
></DT
><DT
>12.4.5. <A
HREF="#AEN2205"
>Result Caching</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>12.5. <A
HREF="#AEN2208"
>Installation and Configuration</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>12.5.1. <A
HREF="#AEN2212"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>12.5.2. <A
HREF="#AEN2225"
>Requirements</A
></DT
><DT
>12.5.3. <A
HREF="#AEN2241"
>Testing Things Out</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>12.5.3.1. <A
HREF="#AEN2254"
>Configure and Compile SAMBA</A
></DT
><DT
>12.5.3.2. <A
HREF="#AEN2267"
>Configure <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>nsswitch.conf</TT
> and the
winbind libraries</A
></DT
><DT
>12.5.3.3. <A
HREF="#AEN2289"
>Configure <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>12.5.3.4. <A
HREF="#AEN2306"
>Join the SAMBA server to the PDC domain</A
></DT
><DT
>12.5.3.5. <A
HREF="#AEN2317"
>Start up the winbindd daemon and test it!</A
></DT
><DT
>12.5.3.6. <A
HREF="#AEN2358"
>Configure Winbind and PAM</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>12.6. <A
HREF="#AEN2411"
>Limitations</A
></DT
><DT
>12.7. <A
HREF="#AEN2419"
>Conclusion</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>13. <A
HREF="#OS2"
>OS2 Client HOWTO</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>13.1. <A
HREF="#AEN2433"
>FAQs</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>13.1.1. <A
HREF="#AEN2435"
>How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or 
		OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?</A
></DT
><DT
>13.1.2. <A
HREF="#AEN2450"
>How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), 
		OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?</A
></DT
><DT
>13.1.3. <A
HREF="#AEN2459"
>Are there any other issues when OS/2 (any version) 
		is used as a client?</A
></DT
><DT
>13.1.4. <A
HREF="#AEN2463"
>How do I get printer driver download working 
		for OS/2 clients?</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
>14. <A
HREF="#CVS-ACCESS"
>HOWTO Access Samba source code via CVS</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>14.1. <A
HREF="#AEN2479"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>14.2. <A
HREF="#AEN2484"
>CVS Access to samba.org</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>14.2.1. <A
HREF="#AEN2487"
>Access via CVSweb</A
></DT
><DT
>14.2.2. <A
HREF="#AEN2492"
>Access via cvs</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
></DL
></DD
><DT
><A
HREF="#AEN2520"
>Index</A
></DT
></DL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="INSTALL"
>Chapter 1. How to Install and Test SAMBA</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN20"
>1.1. Step 0: Read the man pages</A
></H1
><P
>The man pages distributed with SAMBA contain 
	lots of useful info that will help to get you started. 
	If you don't know how to read man pages then try 
	something like:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>nroff -man smbd.8 | more
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Other sources of information are pointed to 
	by the Samba web site,<A
HREF="http://www.samba.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>	http://www.samba.org</A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN28"
>1.2. Step 1: Building the Binaries</A
></H1
><P
>To do this, first run the program <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>./configure
	</B
> in the source directory. This should automatically 
	configure Samba for your operating system. If you have unusual 
	needs then you may wish to run</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>./configure --help
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>first to see what special options you can enable.
	Then executing</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make</B
></TT
></P
><P
>will create the binaries. Once it's successfully 
	compiled you can use </P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make install</B
></TT
></P
><P
>to install the binaries and manual pages. You can 
	separately install the binaries and/or man pages using</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make installbin
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>and</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make installman
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Note that if you are upgrading for a previous version 
	of Samba you might like to know that the old versions of 
	the binaries will be renamed with a ".old" extension. You 
	can go back to the previous version with</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>make revert
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>if you find this version a disaster!</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN56"
>1.3. Step 2: The all important step</A
></H1
><P
>At this stage you must fetch yourself a 
	coffee or other drink you find stimulating. Getting the rest 
	of the install right can sometimes be tricky, so you will 
	probably need it.</P
><P
>If you have installed samba before then you can skip 
	this step.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN60"
>1.4. Step 3: Create the smb configuration file.</A
></H1
><P
>There are sample configuration files in the examples 
	subdirectory in the distribution. I suggest you read them 
	carefully so you can see how the options go together in 
	practice. See the man page for all the options.</P
><P
>The simplest useful configuration file would be 
	something like this:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	[global]
	   workgroup = MYGROUP

	   [homes]
	      guest ok = no
	      read only = no
	</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>which would allow connections by anyone with an 
	account on the server, using either their login name or 
	"homes" as the service name. (Note that I also set the 
	workgroup that Samba is part of. See BROWSING.txt for details)</P
><P
>Note that <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>make install</B
> will not install 
	a <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file. You need to create it 
	yourself. </P
><P
>Make sure you put the smb.conf file in the same place 
	you specified in the<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>Makefile</TT
> (the default is to 
	look for it in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/lib/</TT
>).</P
><P
>For more information about security settings for the 
	[homes] share please refer to the document UNIX_SECURITY.txt.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN74"
>1.5. Step 4: Test your config file with 
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>testparm</B
></A
></H1
><P
>It's important that you test the validity of your
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file using the testparm program. 
	If testparm runs OK then it will list the loaded services. If 
	not it will give an error message.</P
><P
>Make sure it runs OK and that the services look 
	reasonable before proceeding. </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN80"
>1.6. Step 5: Starting the smbd and nmbd</A
></H1
><P
>You must choose to start smbd and nmbd either
	as daemons or from <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>. Don't try
	to do both!  Either you can put them in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>	inetd.conf</TT
> and have them started on demand
	by <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>, or you can start them as
	daemons either from the command line or in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>	/etc/rc.local</TT
>. See the man pages for details
	on the command line options. Take particular care to read
	the bit about what user you need to be in order to start
	Samba.  In many cases you must be root.</P
><P
>The main advantage of starting <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
>
	and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmbd</B
> using the recommended daemon method
	is that they will respond slightly more quickly to an initial connection
	request.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN90"
>1.6.1. Step 5a: Starting from inetd.conf</A
></H2
><P
>NOTE; The following will be different if 
		you use NIS or NIS+ to distributed services maps.</P
><P
>Look at your <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/services</TT
>. 
		What is defined at port 139/tcp. If nothing is defined 
		then add a line like this:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>netbios-ssn     139/tcp</B
></TT
></P
><P
>similarly for 137/udp you should have an entry like:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>netbios-ns	137/udp</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Next edit your <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inetd.conf</TT
> 
		and add two lines something like this:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>		netbios-ssn stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd smbd 
		netbios-ns dgram udp wait root /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd nmbd 
		</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The exact syntax of <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inetd.conf</TT
> 
		varies between unixes. Look at the other entries in inetd.conf 
		for a guide.</P
><P
>NOTE: Some unixes already have entries like netbios_ns 
		(note the underscore) in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/services</TT
>. 
		You must either edit <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/services</TT
> or
		<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inetd.conf</TT
> to make them consistent.</P
><P
>NOTE: On many systems you may need to use the 
		"interfaces" option in smb.conf to specify the IP address 
		and netmask of your interfaces. Run <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ifconfig</B
> 
		as root if you don't know what the broadcast is for your
		net. <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmbd</B
> tries to determine it at run 
		time, but fails on some unixes. See the section on "testing nmbd" 
		for a method of finding if you need to do this.</P
><P
>!!!WARNING!!! Many unixes only accept around 5 
		parameters on the command line in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>inetd.conf</TT
>. 
		This means you shouldn't use spaces between the options and 
		arguments, or you should use a script, and start the script 
		from <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>.</P
><P
>Restart <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>inetd</B
>, perhaps just send 
		it a HUP. If you have installed an earlier version of <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>		nmbd</B
> then you may need to kill nmbd as well.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN119"
>1.6.2. Step 5b. Alternative: starting it as a daemon</A
></H2
><P
>To start the server as a daemon you should create 
		a script something like this one, perhaps calling 
		it <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>startsmb</TT
>.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>		#!/bin/sh
		/usr/local/samba/bin/smbd -D 
		/usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd -D 
		</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>then make it executable with <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>chmod 
		+x startsmb</B
></P
><P
>You can then run <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>startsmb</B
> by 
		hand or execute it from <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/rc.local</TT
>
		</P
><P
>To kill it send a kill signal to the processes 
		<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmbd</B
> and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
>.</P
><P
>NOTE: If you use the SVR4 style init system then 
		you may like to look at the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>examples/svr4-startup</TT
>
		script to make Samba fit into that system.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN135"
>1.7. Step 6: Try listing the shares available on your 
	server</A
></H1
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbclient -L 
	<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>yourhostname</I
></TT
></B
></TT
></P
><P
>You should get back a list of shares available on 
	your server. If you don't then something is incorrectly setup. 
	Note that this method can also be used to see what shares 
	are available on other LanManager clients (such as WfWg).</P
><P
>If you choose user level security then you may find 
	that Samba requests a password before it will list the shares. 
	See the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbclient</B
> man page for details. (you 
	can force it to list the shares without a password by
	adding the option -U% to the command line. This will not work 
	with non-Samba servers)</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN144"
>1.8. Step 7: Try connecting with the unix client</A
></H1
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbclient <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>	//yourhostname/aservice</I
></TT
></B
></TT
></P
><P
>Typically the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>yourhostname</I
></TT
> 
	would be the name of the host where you installed <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>	smbd</B
>. The <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>aservice</I
></TT
> is 
	any service you have defined in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> 
	file. Try your user name if you just have a [homes] section
	in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>.</P
><P
>For example if your unix host is bambi and your login 
	name is fred you would type:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbclient //bambi/fred
	</B
></TT
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN160"
>1.9. Step 8: Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT, 
	Win2k, OS/2, etc... client</A
></H1
><P
>Try mounting disks. eg:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINDOWS\&#62; </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>net use d: \\servername\service
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Try printing. eg:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINDOWS\&#62; </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>net use lpt1:
	\\servername\spoolservice</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINDOWS\&#62; </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>print filename
	</B
></TT
></P
><P
>Celebrate, or send me a bug report!</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN174"
>1.10. What If Things Don't Work?</A
></H1
><P
>If nothing works and you start to think "who wrote 
	this pile of trash" then I suggest you do step 2 again (and 
	again) till you calm down.</P
><P
>Then you might read the file DIAGNOSIS.txt and the 
	FAQ. If you are still stuck then try the mailing list or 
	newsgroup (look in the README for details). Samba has been 
	successfully installed at thousands of sites worldwide, so maybe 
	someone else has hit your problem and has overcome it. You could 
	also use the WWW site to scan back issues of the samba-digest.</P
><P
>When you fix the problem PLEASE send me some updates to the
	documentation (or source code) so that the next person will find it
	easier. </P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN179"
>1.10.1. Diagnosing Problems</A
></H2
><P
>If you have installation problems then go to 
		<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>DIAGNOSIS.txt</TT
> to try to find the 
		problem.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN183"
>1.10.2. Scope IDs</A
></H2
><P
>By default Samba uses a blank scope ID. This means 
		all your windows boxes must also have a blank scope ID. 
		If you really want to use a non-blank scope ID then you will 
		need to use the 'netbios scope' smb.conf option.
                All your PCs will need to have the same setting for 
		this to work. I do not recommend scope IDs.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN186"
>1.10.3. Choosing the Protocol Level</A
></H2
><P
>The SMB protocol has many dialects. Currently 
		Samba supports 5, called CORE, COREPLUS, LANMAN1, 
		LANMAN2 and NT1.</P
><P
>You can choose what maximum protocol to support 
		in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file. The default is 
		NT1 and that is the best for the vast majority of sites.</P
><P
>In older versions of Samba you may have found it 
		necessary to use COREPLUS. The limitations that led to 
		this have mostly been fixed. It is now less likely that you 
		will want to use less than LANMAN1. The only remaining advantage 
		of COREPLUS is that for some obscure reason WfWg preserves 
		the case of passwords in this protocol, whereas under LANMAN1, 
		LANMAN2 or NT1 it uppercases all passwords before sending them,
		forcing you to use the "password level=" option in some cases.</P
><P
>The main advantage of LANMAN2 and NT1 is support for 
		long filenames with some clients (eg: smbclient, Windows NT 
		or Win95). </P
><P
>See the smb.conf(5) manual page for more details.</P
><P
>Note: To support print queue reporting you may find 
		that you have to use TCP/IP as the default protocol under 
		WfWg. For some reason if you leave Netbeui as the default 
		it may break the print queue reporting on some systems. 
		It is presumably a WfWg bug.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN195"
>1.10.4. Printing from UNIX to a Client PC</A
></H2
><P
>To use a printer that is available via a smb-based 
		server from a unix host you will need to compile the 
		smbclient program. You then need to install the script 
		"smbprint". Read the instruction in smbprint for more details.
		</P
><P
>There is also a SYSV style script that does much 
		the same thing called smbprint.sysv. It contains instructions.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN199"
>1.10.5. Locking</A
></H2
><P
>One area which sometimes causes trouble is locking.</P
><P
>There are two types of locking which need to be 
		performed by a SMB server. The first is "record locking" 
		which allows a client to lock a range of bytes in a open file. 
		The second is the "deny modes" that are specified when a file 
		is open.</P
><P
>Record locking semantics under Unix is very
		different from record locking under Windows. Versions
		of Samba before 2.2 have tried to use the native
		fcntl() unix system call to implement proper record
		locking between different Samba clients. This can not
		be fully correct due to several reasons. The simplest
		is the fact that a Windows client is allowed to lock a
		byte range up to 2^32 or 2^64, depending on the client
		OS. The unix locking only supports byte ranges up to
		2^31. So it is not possible to correctly satisfy a
		lock request above 2^31. There are many more
		differences, too many to be listed here.</P
><P
>Samba 2.2 and above implements record locking
		completely independent of the underlying unix
		system. If a byte range lock that the client requests
		happens to fall into the range 0-2^31, Samba hands
		this request down to the Unix system. All other locks
		can not be seen by unix anyway.</P
><P
>Strictly a SMB server should check for locks before 
		every read and write call on a file. Unfortunately with the 
		way fcntl() works this can be slow and may overstress the 
		rpc.lockd. It is also almost always unnecessary as clients 
		are supposed to independently make locking calls before reads 
		and writes anyway if locking is important to them. By default 
		Samba only makes locking calls when explicitly asked
		to by a client, but if you set "strict locking = yes" then it will
		make lock checking calls on every read and write. </P
><P
>You can also disable by range locking completely 
		using "locking = no". This is useful for those shares that 
		don't support locking or don't need it (such as cdroms). In 
		this case Samba fakes the return codes of locking calls to 
		tell clients that everything is OK.</P
><P
>The second class of locking is the "deny modes". These 
		are set by an application when it opens a file to determine 
		what types of access should be allowed simultaneously with 
		its open. A client may ask for DENY_NONE, DENY_READ, DENY_WRITE 
		or DENY_ALL. There are also special compatibility modes called 
		DENY_FCB and  DENY_DOS.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN208"
>1.10.6. Mapping Usernames</A
></H2
><P
>If you have different usernames on the PCs and 
		the unix server then take a look at the "username map" option. 
		See the smb.conf man page for details.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN211"
>1.10.7. Other Character Sets</A
></H2
><P
>If you have problems using filenames with accented 
		characters in them (like the German, French or Scandinavian 
		character sets) then I recommend you look at the "valid chars" 
		option in smb.conf and also take a look at the validchars 
		package in the examples directory.</P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="INTEGRATE-MS-NETWORKS"
>Chapter 2. Integrating MS Windows networks with Samba</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN225"
>2.1. Agenda</A
></H1
><P
>To identify the key functional mechanisms of MS Windows networking 
to enable the deployment of Samba as a means of extending and/or 
replacing MS Windows NT/2000 technology.</P
><P
>We will examine:</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>Name resolution in a pure Unix/Linux TCP/IP 
	environment
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Name resolution as used within MS Windows 
	networking
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>How browsing functions and how to deploy stable 
	and dependable browsing using Samba
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>MS Windows security options and how to 
	configure Samba for seemless integration
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Configuration of Samba as:</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="a"
><LI
><P
>A stand-alone server</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>An MS Windows NT 3.x/4.0 security domain member
		</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>An alternative to an MS Windows NT 3.x/4.0 Domain Controller
		</P
></LI
></OL
></LI
></OL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN247"
>2.2. Name Resolution in a pure Unix/Linux world</A
></H1
><P
>The key configuration files covered in this section are:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/hosts</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/resolv.conf</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/host.conf</TT
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/nsswitch.conf</TT
></P
></LI
></UL
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN263"
>2.2.1. <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/hosts</TT
></A
></H2
><P
>Contains a static list of IP Addresses and names.
eg:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	127.0.0.1	localhost localhost.localdomain
	192.168.1.1	bigbox.caldera.com	bigbox	alias4box</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The purpose of <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/hosts</TT
> is to provide a 
name resolution mechanism so that uses do not need to remember 
IP addresses.</P
><P
>Network packets that are sent over the physical network transport 
layer communicate not via IP addresses but rather using the Media 
Access Control address, or MAC address. IP Addresses are currently 
32 bits in length and are typically presented as four (4) decimal 
numbers that are separated by a dot (or period). eg: 168.192.1.1</P
><P
>MAC Addresses use 48 bits (or 6 bytes) and are typically represented 
as two digit hexadecimal numbers separated by colons. eg: 
40:8e:0a:12:34:56</P
><P
>Every network interfrace must have an MAC address. Associated with 
a MAC address there may be one or more IP addresses. There is NO 
relationship between an IP address and a MAC address, all such assignments 
are arbitary or discretionary in nature. At the most basic level all 
network communications takes place using MAC addressing. Since MAC 
addresses must be globally unique, and generally remains fixed for 
any particular interface, the assignment of an IP address makes sense 
from a network management perspective. More than one IP address can 
be assigned per MAC address. One address must be the primary IP address, 
this is the address that will be returned in the ARP reply.</P
><P
>When a user or a process wants to communicate with another machine 
the protocol implementation ensures that the "machine name" or "host 
name" is resolved to an IP address in a manner that is controlled 
by the TCP/IP configuration control files. The file 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/hosts</TT
> is one such file.</P
><P
>When the IP address of the destination interface has been 
determined a protocol called ARP/RARP is used to identify 
the MAC address of the target interface. ARP stands for Address 
Resolution Protocol, and is a broadcast oriented method that 
uses UDP (User Datagram Protocol) to send a request to all 
interfaces on the local network segment using the all 1's MAC 
address. Network interfaces are programmed to respond to two 
MAC addresses only; their own unique address and the address 
ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff. The reply packet from an ARP request will 
contain the MAC address and the primary IP address for each 
interface.</P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/hosts</TT
> file is foundational to all 
Unix/Linux TCP/IP installations and as a minumum will contain 
the localhost and local network interface IP addresses and the 
primary names by which they are known within the local machine. 
This file helps to prime the pump so that a basic level of name 
resolution can exist before any other method of name resolution 
becomes available.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN279"
>2.2.2. <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/resolv.conf</TT
></A
></H2
><P
>This file tells the name resolution libraries:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>The name of the domain to which the machine 
	belongs
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The name(s) of any domains that should be 
	automatically searched when trying to resolve unqualified 
	host names to their IP address
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The name or IP address of available Domain 
	Name Servers that may be asked to perform name to address 
	translation lookups
	</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN290"
>2.2.3. <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/host.conf</TT
></A
></H2
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/host.conf</TT
> is the primary means by 
which the setting in /etc/resolv.conf may be affected. It is a 
critical configuration file.  This file controls the order by 
which name resolution may procede. The typical structure is:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	order hosts,bind
	multi on</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>then both addresses should be returned. Please refer to the 
man page for host.conf for further details.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN298"
>2.2.4. <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/nsswitch.conf</TT
></A
></H2
><P
>This file controls the actual name resolution targets. The 
file typically has resolver object specifications as follows:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	# /etc/nsswitch.conf
	#
	# Name Service Switch configuration file.
	#

	passwd:		compat
	# Alternative entries for password authentication are:
	# passwd:	compat files nis ldap winbind
	shadow:		compat
	group:		compat

	hosts:		files nis dns
	# Alternative entries for host name resolution are:
	# hosts:	files dns nis nis+ hesoid db compat ldap wins
	networks:	nis files dns

	ethers:		nis files
	protocols:	nis files
	rpc:		nis files
	services:	nis files</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>Of course, each of these mechanisms requires that the appropriate 
facilities and/or services are correctly configured.</P
><P
>It should be noted that unless a network request/message must be 
sent, TCP/IP networks are silent. All TCP/IP communications assumes a 
principal of speaking only when necessary.</P
><P
>Samba version 2.2.0 will add Linux support for extensions to 
the name service switch infrastructure so that linux clients will 
be able to obtain resolution of MS Windows NetBIOS names to IP 
Addresses. To gain this functionality Samba needs to be compiled 
with appropriate arguments to the make command (ie: <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>make 
nsswitch/libnss_wins.so</B
>). The resulting library should 
then be installed in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib</TT
> directory and 
the "wins" parameter needs to be added to the "hosts:" line in 
the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/nsswitch.conf</TT
> file. At this point it 
will be possible to ping any MS Windows machine by it's NetBIOS 
machine name, so long as that machine is within the workgroup to 
which both the samba machine and the MS Windows machine belong.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN310"
>2.3. Name resolution as used within MS Windows networking</A
></H1
><P
>MS Windows networking is predicated about the name each machine 
is given. This name is known variously (and inconsistently) as 
the "computer name", "machine name", "networking name", "netbios name", 
"SMB name". All terms mean the same thing with the exception of 
"netbios name" which can apply also to the name of the workgroup or the 
domain name. The terms "workgroup" and "domain" are really just a 
simply name with which the machine is associated. All NetBIOS names 
are exactly 16 characters in length. The 16th character is reserved. 
It is used to store a one byte value that indicates service level 
information for the NetBIOS name that is registered. A NetBIOS machine 
name is therefore registered for each service type that is provided by 
the client/server.</P
><P
>The following are typical NetBIOS name/service type registrations:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	Unique NetBIOS Names:
		MACHINENAME&#60;00&#62;	= Server Service is running on MACHINENAME
		MACHINENAME&#60;03&#62; = Generic Machine Name (NetBIOS name)
		MACHINENAME&#60;20&#62; = LanMan Server service is running on MACHINENAME
		WORKGROUP&#60;1b&#62; = Domain Master Browser

	Group Names:
		WORKGROUP&#60;03&#62; = Generic Name registered by all members of WORKGROUP
		WORKGROUP&#60;1c&#62; = Domain Controllers / Netlogon Servers
		WORKGROUP&#60;1d&#62; = Local Master Browsers
		WORKGROUP&#60;1e&#62; = Internet Name Resolvers</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>It should be noted that all NetBIOS machines register their own 
names as per the above. This is in vast contrast to TCP/IP 
installations where traditionally the system administrator will 
determine in the /etc/hosts or in the DNS database what names 
are associated with each IP address.</P
><P
>One further point of clarification should be noted, the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/hosts</TT
> 
file and the DNS records do not provide the NetBIOS name type information 
that MS Windows clients depend on to locate the type of service that may 
be needed. An example of this is what happens when an MS Windows client 
wants to locate a domain logon server. It find this service and the IP 
address of a server that provides it by performing a lookup (via a 
NetBIOS broadcast) for enumeration of all machines that have 
registered the name type *&#60;1c&#62;. A logon request is then sent to each 
IP address that is returned in the enumerated list of IP addresses. Which 
ever machine first replies then ends up providing the logon services.</P
><P
>The name "workgroup" or "domain" really can be confusing since these 
have the added significance of indicating what is the security 
architecture of the MS Windows network. The term "workgroup" indicates 
that the primary nature of the network environment is that of a 
peer-to-peer design. In a WORKGROUP all machines are responsible for 
their own security, and generally such security is limited to use of 
just a password (known as SHARE MODE security). In most situations 
with peer-to-peer networking the users who control their own machines 
will simply opt to have no security at all. It is possible to have 
USER MODE security in a WORKGROUP environment, thus requiring use 
of a user name and a matching password.</P
><P
>MS Windows networking is thus predetermined to use machine names 
for all local and remote machine message passing. The protocol used is 
called Server Message Block (SMB) and this is implemented using 
the NetBIOS protocol (Network Basic Input Output System). NetBIOS can 
be encapsulated using LLC (Logical Link Control) protocol - in which case 
the resulting protocol is called NetBEUI (Network Basic Extended User 
Interface). NetBIOS can also be run over IPX (Internetworking Packet 
Exchange) protocol as used by Novell NetWare, and it can be run 
over TCP/IP protocols - in which case the resulting protocol is called 
NBT or NetBT, the NetBIOS over TCP/IP.</P
><P
>MS Windows machines use a complex array of name resolution mechanisms. 
Since we are primarily concerned with TCP/IP this demonstration is 
limited to this area.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN322"
>2.3.1. The NetBIOS Name Cache</A
></H2
><P
>All MS Windows machines employ an in memory buffer in which is 
stored the NetBIOS names and IP addresses for all external 
machines that that machine has communicated with over the 
past 10-15 minutes. It is more efficient to obtain an IP address 
for a machine from the local cache than it is to go through all the 
configured name resolution mechanisms.</P
><P
>If a machine whose name is in the local name cache has been shut 
down before the name had been expired and flushed from the cache, then 
an attempt to exchange a message with that machine will be subject 
to time-out delays. i.e.: Its name is in the cache, so a name resolution 
lookup will succeed, but the machine can not respond. This can be 
frustrating for users - but it is a characteristic of the protocol.</P
><P
>The MS Windows utility that allows examination of the NetBIOS 
name cache is called "nbtstat". The Samba equivalent of this 
is called "nmblookup".</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN327"
>2.3.2. The LMHOSTS file</A
></H2
><P
>This file is usually located in MS Windows NT 4.0 or 
2000 in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC</TT
> and contains 
the IP Address and the machine name in matched pairs. The 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>LMHOSTS</TT
> file performs NetBIOS name 
to IP address mapping oriented.</P
><P
>It typically looks like:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	# Copyright (c) 1998 Microsoft Corp.
	#
	# This is a sample LMHOSTS file used by the Microsoft Wins Client (NetBIOS
	# over TCP/IP) stack for Windows98
	#
	# This file contains the mappings of IP addresses to NT computernames
	# (NetBIOS) names.  Each entry should be kept on an individual line.
	# The IP address should be placed in the first column followed by the
	# corresponding computername. The address and the comptername
	# should be separated by at least one space or tab. The "#" character
	# is generally used to denote the start of a comment (see the exceptions
	# below).
	#
	# This file is compatible with Microsoft LAN Manager 2.x TCP/IP lmhosts
	# files and offers the following extensions:
	#
	#      #PRE
	#      #DOM:&#60;domain&#62;
	#      #INCLUDE &#60;filename&#62;
	#      #BEGIN_ALTERNATE
	#      #END_ALTERNATE
	#      \0xnn (non-printing character support)
	#
	# Following any entry in the file with the characters "#PRE" will cause
	# the entry to be preloaded into the name cache. By default, entries are
	# not preloaded, but are parsed only after dynamic name resolution fails.
	#
	# Following an entry with the "#DOM:&#60;domain&#62;" tag will associate the
	# entry with the domain specified by &#60;domain&#62;. This affects how the
	# browser and logon services behave in TCP/IP environments. To preload
	# the host name associated with #DOM entry, it is necessary to also add a
	# #PRE to the line. The &#60;domain&#62; is always preloaded although it will not
	# be shown when the name cache is viewed.
	#
	# Specifying "#INCLUDE &#60;filename&#62;" will force the RFC NetBIOS (NBT)
	# software to seek the specified &#60;filename&#62; and parse it as if it were
	# local. &#60;filename&#62; is generally a UNC-based name, allowing a
	# centralized lmhosts file to be maintained on a server.
	# It is ALWAYS necessary to provide a mapping for the IP address of the
	# server prior to the #INCLUDE. This mapping must use the #PRE directive.
	# In addtion the share "public" in the example below must be in the
	# LanManServer list of "NullSessionShares" in order for client machines to
	# be able to read the lmhosts file successfully. This key is under
	# \machine\system\currentcontrolset\services\lanmanserver\parameters\nullsessionshares
	# in the registry. Simply add "public" to the list found there.
	#
	# The #BEGIN_ and #END_ALTERNATE keywords allow multiple #INCLUDE
	# statements to be grouped together. Any single successful include
	# will cause the group to succeed.
	#
	# Finally, non-printing characters can be embedded in mappings by
	# first surrounding the NetBIOS name in quotations, then using the
	# \0xnn notation to specify a hex value for a non-printing character.
	#
	# The following example illustrates all of these extensions:
	#
	# 102.54.94.97     rhino         #PRE #DOM:networking  #net group's DC
	# 102.54.94.102    "appname  \0x14"                    #special app server
	# 102.54.94.123    popular            #PRE             #source server
	# 102.54.94.117    localsrv           #PRE             #needed for the include
	#
	# #BEGIN_ALTERNATE
	# #INCLUDE \\localsrv\public\lmhosts
	# #INCLUDE \\rhino\public\lmhosts
	# #END_ALTERNATE
	#
	# In the above example, the "appname" server contains a special
	# character in its name, the "popular" and "localsrv" server names are
	# preloaded, and the "rhino" server name is specified so it can be used
	# to later #INCLUDE a centrally maintained lmhosts file if the "localsrv"
	# system is unavailable.
	#
	# Note that the whole file is parsed including comments on each lookup,
	# so keeping the number of comments to a minimum will improve performance.
	# Therefore it is not advisable to simply add lmhosts file entries onto the
	# end of this file.</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN335"
>2.3.3. HOSTS file</A
></H2
><P
>This file is usually located in MS Windows NT 4.0 or 2000 in 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC</TT
> and contains 
the IP Address and the IP hostname in matched pairs. It can be 
used by the name resolution infrastructure in MS Windows, depending 
on how the TCP/IP environment is configured. This file is in 
every way the equivalent of the Unix/Linux <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/hosts</TT
> file.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN340"
>2.3.4. DNS Lookup</A
></H2
><P
>This capability is configured in the TCP/IP setup area in the network 
configuration facility. If enabled an elaborate name resolution sequence 
is followed the precise nature of which isdependant on what the NetBIOS 
Node Type parameter is configured to. A Node Type of 0 means use 
NetBIOS broadcast (over UDP broadcast) is first used if the name 
that is the subject of a name lookup is not found in the NetBIOS name 
cache. If that fails then DNS, HOSTS and LMHOSTS are checked. If set to 
Node Type 8, then a NetBIOS Unicast (over UDP Unicast) is sent to the 
WINS Server to obtain a lookup before DNS, HOSTS, LMHOSTS, or broadcast 
lookup is used.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN343"
>2.3.5. WINS Lookup</A
></H2
><P
>A WINS (Windows Internet Name Server) service is the equivaent of the 
rfc1001/1002 specified NBNS (NetBIOS Name Server). A WINS server stores 
the names and IP addresses that are registered by a Windows client 
if the TCP/IP setup has been given at least one WINS Server IP Address.</P
><P
>To configure Samba to be a WINS server the following parameter needs 
to be added to the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	wins support = Yes</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>To configure Samba to use a WINS server the following parameters are 
needed in the smb.conf file:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	wins support = No
	wins server = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx</I
></TT
> is the IP address 
of the WINS server.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN355"
>2.4. How browsing functions and how to deploy stable and 
dependable browsing using Samba</A
></H1
><P
>As stated above, MS Windows machines register their NetBIOS names 
(i.e.: the machine name for each service type in operation) on start 
up. Also, as stated above, the exact method by which this name registration 
takes place is determined by whether or not the MS Windows client/server 
has been given a WINS server address, whether or not LMHOSTS lookup 
is enabled, or if DNS for NetBIOS name resolution is enabled, etc.</P
><P
>In the case where there is no WINS server all name registrations as 
well as name lookups are done by UDP broadcast. This isolates name 
resolution to the local subnet, unless LMHOSTS is used to list all 
names and IP addresses. In such situations Samba provides a means by 
which the samba server name may be forcibly injected into the browse 
list of a remote MS Windows network (using the "remote announce" parameter).</P
><P
>Where a WINS server is used, the MS Windows client will use UDP 
unicast to register with the WINS server. Such packets can be routed 
and thus WINS allows name resolution to function across routed networks.</P
><P
>During the startup process an election will take place to create a 
local master browser if one does not already exist. On each NetBIOS network 
one machine will be elected to function as the domain master browser. This 
domain browsing has nothing to do with MS security domain control. 
Instead, the domain master browser serves the role of contacting each local 
master browser (found by asking WINS or from LMHOSTS) and exchanging browse 
list contents. This way every master browser will eventually obtain a complete 
list of all machines that are on the network. Every 11-15 minutes an election 
is held to determine which machine will be the master browser. By the nature of 
the election criteria used, the machine with the highest uptime, or the 
most senior protocol version, or other criteria, will win the election 
as domain master browser.</P
><P
>Clients wishing to browse the network make use of this list, but also depend 
on the availability of correct name resolution to the respective IP 
address/addresses. </P
><P
>Any configuration that breaks name resolution and/or browsing intrinsics 
will annoy users because they will have to put up with protracted 
inability to use the network services.</P
><P
>Samba supports a feature that allows forced synchonisation 
of browse lists across routed networks using the "remote 
browse sync" parameter in the smb.conf file. This causes Samba 
to contact the local master browser on a remote network and 
to request browse list synchronisation. This effectively bridges 
two networks that are separated by routers. The two remote 
networks may use either broadcast based name resolution or WINS 
based name resolution, but it should be noted that the "remote 
browse sync" parameter provides browse list synchronisation - and 
that is distinct from name to address resolution, in other 
words, for cross subnet browsing to function correctly it is 
essential that a name to address resolution mechanism be provided. 
This mechanism could be via DNS, <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/hosts</TT
>, 
and so on.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN365"
>2.5. MS Windows security options and how to configure 
Samba for seemless integration</A
></H1
><P
>MS Windows clients may use encrypted passwords as part of a 
challenege/response authentication model (a.k.a. NTLMv1) or 
alone, or clear text strings for simple password based 
authentication. It should be realized that with the SMB 
protocol the password is passed over the network either 
in plain text or encrypted, but not both in the same 
authentication requets.</P
><P
>When encrypted passwords are used a password that has been 
entered by the user is encrypted in two ways:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>An MD4 hash of the UNICODE of the password
	string.  This is known as the NT hash.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The password is converted to upper case,
	and then padded or trucated to 14 bytes.  This string is 
	then appended with 5 bytes of NULL characters and split to
	form two 56 bit DES keys to encrypt a "magic" 8 byte value.
	The resulting 16 bytes for the LanMan hash.
	</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>You should refer to the <A
HREF="ENCRYPTION.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Password Encryption</A
> chapter in this HOWTO collection
for more details on the inner workings</P
><P
>MS Windows 95 pre-service pack 1, MS Windows NT versions 3.x 
and version 4.0 pre-service pack 3 will use either mode of 
password authentication. All versions of MS Windows that follow 
these versions no longer support plain text passwords by default.</P
><P
>MS Windows clients have a habit of dropping network mappings that 
have been idle for 10 minutes or longer. When the user attempts to 
use the mapped drive connection that has been dropped, the client
re-establishes the connection using 
a cached copy of the password.</P
><P
>When Microsoft changed the default password mode, they dropped support for 
caching of the plain text password. This means that when the registry 
parameter is changed to re-enable use of plain text passwords it appears to 
work, but when a dropped mapping attempts to revalidate it will fail if 
the remote authentication server does not support encrypted passwords. 
This means that it is definitely not a good idea to re-enable plain text 
password support in such clients.</P
><P
>The following parameters can be used to work around the 
issue of Windows 9x client upper casing usernames and
password before transmitting them to the SMB server
when using clear text authentication.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	<A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PASSWORDLEVEL"
TARGET="_top"
>passsword level</A
> = <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>integer</I
></TT
>
	<A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#USERNAMELEVEL"
TARGET="_top"
>username level</A
> = <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>integer</I
></TT
></PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>By default Samba will lower case the username before attempting
to lookup the user in the database of local system accounts.
Because UNIX usernames conventionally only contain lower case
character, the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>username level</I
></TT
> parameter
is rarely even needed.</P
><P
>However, password on UNIX systems often make use of mixed case
characters.  This means that in order for a user on a Windows 9x
client to connect to a Samba server using clear text authentication,
the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>password level</I
></TT
> must be set to the maximum
number of upper case letter which <EM
>could</EM
> appear
is a password.  Note that is the server OS uses the traditional
DES version of crypt(), then a <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>password level</I
></TT
>
of 8 will result in case insensitive passwords as seen from Windows
users.  This will also result in longer login times as Samba
hash to compute the permutations of the password string and 
try them one by one until a match is located (or all combinations fail).</P
><P
>The best option to adopt is to enable support for encrypted passwords 
where ever Samba is used. There are three configuration possibilities 
for support of encrypted passwords:</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN393"
>2.5.1. Use MS Windows NT as an authentication server</A
></H2
><P
>This method involves the additions of the following parameters 
in the smb.conf file:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	encrypt passwords = Yes
	security = server
	password server = "NetBIOS_name_of_PDC"</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>There are two ways of identifying whether or not a username and 
password pair was valid or not. One uses the reply information provided 
as part of the authentication messaging process, the other uses 
just and error code.</P
><P
>The down-side of this mode of configuration is the fact that 
for security reasons Samba will send the password server a bogus 
username and a bogus password and if the remote server fails to 
reject the username and password pair then an alternative mode 
of identification of validation is used. Where a site uses password 
lock out after a certain number of failed authentication attempts 
this will result in user lockouts.</P
><P
>Use of this mode of authentication does require there to be 
a standard Unix account for the user, this account can be blocked 
to prevent logons by other than MS Windows clients.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN401"
>2.5.2. Make Samba a member of an MS Windows NT security domain</A
></H2
><P
>This method involves additon of the following paramters in the smb.conf file:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	encrypt passwords = Yes
	security = domain
	workgroup = "name of NT domain"
	password server = *</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The use of the "*" argument to "password server" will cause samba 
to locate the domain controller in a way analogous to the way 
this is done within MS Windows NT.</P
><P
>In order for this method to work the Samba server needs to join the 
MS Windows NT security domain. This is done as follows:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>On the MS Windows NT domain controller using 
	the Server Manager add a machine account for the Samba server.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Next, on the Linux system execute: 
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd -r PDC_NAME -j DOMAIN_NAME</B
>
	</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Use of this mode of authentication does require there to be 
a standard Unix account for the user in order to assign
a uid once the account has been authenticated by the remote
Windows DC.  This account can be blocked to prevent logons by 
other than MS Windows clients by things such as setting an invalid
shell in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> entry.</P
><P
>An alternative to assigning UIDs to Windows users on a 
Samba member server is presented in the <A
HREF="winbind.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Winbind Overview</A
> chapter in
this HOWTO collection.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN418"
>2.5.3. Configure Samba as an authentication server</A
></H2
><P
>This mode of authentication demands that there be on the 
Unix/Linux system both a Unix style account as well as an 
smbpasswd entry for the user. The Unix system account can be 
locked if required as only the encrypted password will be 
used for SMB client authentication.</P
><P
>This method involves addition of the following parameters to 
the smb.conf file:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>## please refer to the Samba PDC HOWTO chapter later in 
## this collection for more details
[global]
	encrypt passwords = Yes
	security = user
	domain logons = Yes
	; an OS level of 33 or more is recommended
	os level = 33

[NETLOGON]
	path = /somewhare/in/file/system
	read only = yes</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>in order for this method to work a Unix system account needs 
to be created for each user, as well as for each MS Windows NT/2000 
machine. The following structure is required.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN425"
>2.5.3.1. Users</A
></H3
><P
>A user account that may provide a home directory should be 
created. The following Linux system commands are typical of 
the procedure for creating an account.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	# useradd -s /bin/bash -d /home/"userid" -m "userid"
	# passwd "userid"
	  Enter Password: &#60;pw&#62;
	  
	# smbpasswd -a "userid"
	  Enter Password: &#60;pw&#62;</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN430"
>2.5.3.2. MS Windows NT Machine Accounts</A
></H3
><P
>These are required only when Samba is used as a domain 
controller.  Refer to the Samba-PDC-HOWTO for more details.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	# useradd -s /bin/false -d /dev/null "machine_name"\$
	# passwd -l "machine_name"\$
	# smbpasswd -a -m "machine_name"</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN435"
>2.6. Conclusions</A
></H1
><P
>Samba provides a flexible means to operate as...</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>A Stand-alone server - No special action is needed 
	other than to create user accounts. Stand-alone servers do NOT 
	provide network logon services, meaning that machines that use this 
	server do NOT perform a domain logon but instead make use only of 
	the MS Windows logon which is local to the MS Windows 
	workstation/server.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>An MS Windows NT 3.x/4.0 security domain member.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>An alternative to an MS Windows NT 3.x/4.0 
	Domain Controller.
	</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="PAM"
>Chapter 3. Configuring PAM for distributed but centrally 
managed authentication</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN456"
>3.1. Samba and PAM</A
></H1
><P
>A number of Unix systems (eg: Sun Solaris), as well as the 
xxxxBSD family and Linux, now utilize the Pluggable Authentication 
Modules (PAM) facility to provide all authentication, 
authorization and resource control services. Prior to the 
introduction of PAM, a decision to use an alternative to 
the system password database (<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
>) 
would require the provision of alternatives for all programs that provide 
security services. Such a choice would involve provision of 
alternatives to such programs as: <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>login</B
>, 
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>passwd</B
>, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>chown</B
>, etc.</P
><P
>PAM provides a mechanism that disconnects these security programs 
from the underlying authentication/authorization infrastructure.
PAM is configured either through one file <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.conf</TT
> (Solaris), 
or by editing individual files that are located in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d</TT
>.</P
><P
>The following is an example <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d/login</TT
> configuration file. 
This example had all options been uncommented is probably not usable 
as it stacks many conditions before allowing successful completion 
of the login process. Essentially all conditions can be disabled 
by commenting them out except the calls to <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_pwdb.so</TT
>.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the `login' service
#
auth 		required	pam_securetty.so
auth 		required	pam_nologin.so
# auth 		required	pam_dialup.so
# auth 		optional	pam_mail.so
auth		required	pam_pwdb.so shadow md5
# account    	requisite  	pam_time.so
account		required	pam_pwdb.so
session		required	pam_pwdb.so
# session 	optional	pam_lastlog.so
# password   	required   	pam_cracklib.so retry=3
password	required	pam_pwdb.so shadow md5</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>PAM allows use of replacable modules. Those available on a 
sample system include:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>$ /bin/ls /lib/security
pam_access.so    pam_ftp.so          pam_limits.so     
pam_ncp_auth.so  pam_rhosts_auth.so  pam_stress.so     
pam_cracklib.so  pam_group.so        pam_listfile.so   
pam_nologin.so   pam_rootok.so       pam_tally.so      
pam_deny.so      pam_issue.so        pam_mail.so       
pam_permit.so    pam_securetty.so    pam_time.so       
pam_dialup.so    pam_lastlog.so      pam_mkhomedir.so  
pam_pwdb.so      pam_shells.so       pam_unix.so       
pam_env.so       pam_ldap.so         pam_motd.so       
pam_radius.so    pam_smbpass.so      pam_unix_acct.so  
pam_wheel.so     pam_unix_auth.so    pam_unix_passwd.so
pam_userdb.so    pam_warn.so         pam_unix_session.so</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The following example for the login program replaces the use of 
the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_pwdb.so</TT
> module which uses the system 
password database (<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/shadow</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/group</TT
>) with 
the module <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_smbpass.so</TT
> which uses the Samba 
database which contains the Microsoft MD4 encrypted password 
hashes. This database is stored in either 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</TT
>, 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/samba/smbpasswd</TT
>, or in 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/samba.d/smbpasswd</TT
>, depending on the 
Samba implementation for your Unix/Linux system. The 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_smbpass.so</TT
> module is provided by 
Samba version 2.2.1 or later. It can be compiled by specifying the 
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>--with-pam_smbpass</B
> options when running Samba's
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>configure</TT
> script.  For more information
on the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_smbpass</TT
> module, see the documentation
in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>source/pam_smbpass</TT
> directory of the Samba 
source distribution.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the `login' service
#
auth		required	pam_smbpass.so nodelay
account		required	pam_smbpass.so nodelay
session		required	pam_smbpass.so nodelay
password	required	pam_smbpass.so nodelay</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The following is the PAM configuration file for a particular 
Linux system. The default condition uses <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_pwdb.so</TT
>.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the `samba' service
#
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so nullok nodelay shadow audit
account    required     /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so audit nodelay
session    required     /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so nodelay
password   required     /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so shadow md5</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>In the following example the decision has been made to use the 
smbpasswd database even for basic samba authentication. Such a 
decision could also be made for the passwd program and would 
thus allow the smbpasswd passwords to be changed using the passwd 
program.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the `samba' service
#
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_smbpass.so nodelay
account    required     /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so audit nodelay
session    required     /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so nodelay
password   required     /lib/security/pam_smbpass.so nodelay smbconf=/etc/samba.d/smb.conf</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>Note: PAM allows stacking of authentication mechanisms. It is 
also possible to pass information obtained within on PAM module through 
to the next module in the PAM stack. Please refer to the documentation for 
your particular system implementation for details regarding the specific 
capabilities of PAM in this environment. Some Linux implmentations also 
provide the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_stack.so</TT
> module that allows all 
authentication to be configured in a single central file. The 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_stack.so</TT
> method has some very devoted followers 
on the basis that it allows for easier administration. As with all issues in 
life though, every decision makes trade-offs, so you may want examine the 
PAM documentation for further helpful information.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN500"
>3.2. Distributed Authentication</A
></H1
><P
>The astute administrator will realize from this that the 
combination of <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_smbpass.so</TT
>, 
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>winbindd</B
>, and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>rsync</B
> (see
<A
HREF="http://rsync.samba.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://rsync.samba.org/</A
>)
will allow the establishment of a centrally managed, distributed 
user/password database that can also be used by all 
PAM (eg: Linux) aware programs and applications. This arrangement 
can have particularly potent advantages compared with the 
use of Microsoft Active Directory Service (ADS) in so far as 
reduction of wide area network authentication traffic.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN507"
>3.3. PAM Configuration in smb.conf</A
></H1
><P
>There is an option in smb.conf called <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#OBEYPAMRESTRICTIONS"
TARGET="_top"
>obey pam restrictions</A
>. 
The following is from the on-line help for this option in SWAT;</P
><P
>When Samba 2.2 is configure to enable PAM support (i.e. 
<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>--with-pam</TT
>), this parameter will 
control whether or not Samba should obey PAM's account 
and session management directives. The default behavior 
is to use PAM for clear text authentication only and to 
ignore any account or session management. Note that Samba always 
ignores PAM for authentication in the case of 
<A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS"
TARGET="_top"
>encrypt passwords = yes</A
>. 
The reason is that PAM modules cannot support the challenge/response 
authentication mechanism needed in the presence of SMB 
password encryption. </P
><P
>Default: <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>obey pam restrictions = no</B
></P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="MSDFS"
>Chapter 4. Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN527"
>4.1. Instructions</A
></H1
><P
>The Distributed File System (or Dfs) provides a means of 
	separating the logical view of files and directories that users 
	see from the actual physical locations of these resources on the 
	network. It allows for higher availability, smoother storage expansion, 
	load balancing etc. For more information about Dfs, refer to  <A
HREF="http://www.microsoft.com/NTServer/nts/downloads/winfeatures/NTSDistrFile/AdminGuide.asp"
TARGET="_top"
>	Microsoft documentation</A
>. </P
><P
>This document explains how to host a Dfs tree on a Unix 
	machine (for Dfs-aware clients to browse) using Samba.</P
><P
>To enable SMB-based DFS for Samba, configure it with the 
	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>--with-msdfs</I
></TT
> option. Once built, a 
	Samba server can be made a Dfs server by setting the global 
	boolean <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#HOSTMSDFS"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>	host msdfs</I
></TT
></A
> parameter in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf
	</TT
> file. You designate a share as a Dfs root using the share 
	level boolean <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#MSDFSROOT"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>	msdfs root</I
></TT
></A
> parameter. A Dfs root directory on 
	Samba hosts Dfs links in the form of symbolic links that point 
	to other servers. For example, a symbolic link
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>junction-&#62;msdfs:storage1\share1</TT
> in 
	the share directory acts as the Dfs junction. When Dfs-aware 
	clients attempt to access the junction link, they are redirected 
	to the storage location (in this case, \\storage1\share1).</P
><P
>Dfs trees on Samba work with all Dfs-aware clients ranging 
	from Windows 95 to 2000.</P
><P
>Here's an example of setting up a Dfs tree on a Samba 
	server.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
># The smb.conf file:
[global]
	netbios name = SAMBA
	host msdfs   = yes

[dfs]
	path = /export/dfsroot
	msdfs root = yes
	</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>In the /export/dfsroot directory we set up our dfs links to 
	other servers on the network.</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>cd /export/dfsroot</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>chown root /export/dfsroot</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>chmod 755 /export/dfsroot</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ln -s msdfs:storageA\\shareA linka</B
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ln -s msdfs:serverB\\share,serverC\\share linkb</B
></TT
></P
><P
>You should set up the permissions and ownership of 
	the directory acting as the Dfs root such that only designated 
	users can create, delete or modify the msdfs links. Also note 
	that symlink names should be all lowercase. This limitation exists 
	to have Samba avoid trying all the case combinations to get at 
	the link name. Finally set up the symbolic links to point to the 
	network shares you want, and start Samba.</P
><P
>Users on Dfs-aware clients can now browse the Dfs tree 
	on the Samba server at \\samba\dfs. Accessing 
	links linka or linkb (which appear as directories to the client) 
	takes users directly to the appropriate shares on the network.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN562"
>4.1.1. Notes</A
></H2
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Windows clients need to be rebooted 
			if a previously mounted non-dfs share is made a dfs 
			root or vice versa. A better way is to introduce a 
			new share and make it the dfs root.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Currently there's a restriction that msdfs 
			symlink names should all be lowercase.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>For security purposes, the directory 
			acting as the root of the Dfs tree should have ownership 
			and permissions set so that only designated users can 
			modify the symbolic links in the directory.</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="UNIX-PERMISSIONS"
>Chapter 5. UNIX Permission Bits and Windows NT Access Control Lists</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN582"
>5.1. Viewing and changing UNIX permissions using the NT 
	security dialogs</A
></H1
><P
>New in the Samba 2.0.4 release is the ability for Windows 
	NT clients to use their native security settings dialog box to 
	view and modify the underlying UNIX permissions.</P
><P
>Note that this ability is careful not to compromise 
	the security of the UNIX host Samba is running on, and 
	still obeys all the file permission rules that a Samba 
	administrator can set.</P
><P
>In Samba 2.0.4 and above the default value of the 
	parameter <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#NTACLSUPPORT"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>	nt acl support</I
></TT
></A
> has been changed from 
	<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>true</TT
>, so 
 	manipulation of permissions is turned on by default.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN591"
>5.2. How to view file security on a Samba share</A
></H1
><P
>From an NT 4.0 client, single-click with the right 
	mouse button on any file or directory in a Samba mounted 
	drive letter or UNC path. When the menu pops-up, click 
	on the <EM
>Properties</EM
> entry at the bottom of 
	the menu. This brings up the normal file properties dialog
	box, but with Samba 2.0.4 this will have a new tab along the top
	marked <EM
>Security</EM
>. Click on this tab and you 
	will see three buttons, <EM
>Permissions</EM
>, 	
	<EM
>Auditing</EM
>, and <EM
>Ownership</EM
>. 
	The <EM
>Auditing</EM
> button will cause either 
	an error message <SPAN
CLASS="ERRORNAME"
>A requested privilege is not held 
	by the client</SPAN
> to appear if the user is not the 
	NT Administrator, or a dialog which is intended to allow an 
	Administrator to add auditing requirements to a file if the 
	user is logged on as the NT Administrator. This dialog is 
	non-functional with a Samba share at this time, as the only 
	useful button, the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Add</B
> button will not currently 
	allow a list of users to be seen.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN602"
>5.3. Viewing file ownership</A
></H1
><P
>Clicking on the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Ownership"</B
> button 
	brings up a dialog box telling you who owns the given file. The 
	owner name will be of the form :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"SERVER\user (Long name)"</B
></P
><P
>Where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>SERVER</I
></TT
> is the NetBIOS name of 
	the Samba server, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>user</I
></TT
> is the user name of 
	the UNIX user who owns the file, and <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>(Long name)</I
></TT
>
	is the descriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the
	GECOS field of the UNIX password database). Click on the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Close
	</B
> button to remove this dialog.</P
><P
>If the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>nt acl support</I
></TT
>
	is set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> then the file owner will 
	be shown as the NT user <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Everyone"</B
>.</P
><P
>The <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Take Ownership</B
> button will not allow 
	you to change the ownership of this file to yourself (clicking on 
	it will display a dialog box complaining that the user you are 
	currently logged onto the NT client cannot be found). The reason 
	for this is that changing the ownership of a file is a privileged 
	operation in UNIX, available only to the <EM
>root</EM
> 
	user. As clicking on this button causes NT to attempt to change 
	the ownership of a file to the current user logged into the NT 
	client this will not work with Samba at this time.</P
><P
>There is an NT chown command that will work with Samba 
	and allow a user with Administrator privilege connected 
	to a Samba 2.0.4 server as root to change the ownership of 
	files on both a local NTFS filesystem or remote mounted NTFS 
	or Samba drive. This is available as part of the <EM
>Seclib
	</EM
> NT security library written by Jeremy Allison of 
	the Samba Team, available from the main Samba ftp site.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN622"
>5.4. Viewing file or directory permissions</A
></H1
><P
>The third button is the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Permissions"</B
> 
	button. Clicking on this brings up a dialog box that shows both 
	the permissions and the UNIX owner of the file or directory. 
	The owner is displayed in the form :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"SERVER\user (Long name)"</B
></P
><P
>Where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>SERVER</I
></TT
> is the NetBIOS name of 
	the Samba server, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>user</I
></TT
> is the user name of 
	the UNIX user who owns the file, and <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>(Long name)</I
></TT
>
	is the descriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the
	GECOS field of the UNIX password database).</P
><P
>If the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>nt acl support</I
></TT
>
	is set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> then the file owner will 
	be shown as the NT user <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Everyone"</B
> and the 
	permissions will be shown as NT "Full Control".</P
><P
>The permissions field is displayed differently for files 
	and directories, so I'll describe the way file permissions 
	are displayed first.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN637"
>5.4.1. File Permissions</A
></H2
><P
>The standard UNIX user/group/world triple and 
		the corresponding "read", "write", "execute" permissions 
		triples are mapped by Samba into a three element NT ACL 
		with the 'r', 'w', and 'x' bits mapped into the corresponding 
		NT permissions. The UNIX world permissions are mapped into 
		the global NT group <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Everyone</B
>, followed 
		by the list of permissions allowed for UNIX world. The UNIX 
		owner and group permissions are displayed as an NT 
		<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>user</B
> icon and an NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>local 
		group</B
> icon respectively followed by the list 
	 	of permissions allowed for the UNIX user and group.</P
><P
>As many UNIX permission sets don't map into common 
		NT names such as <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"read"</B
>, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>		"change"</B
> or <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"full control"</B
> then 
		usually the permissions will be prefixed by the words <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>		"Special Access"</B
> in the NT display list.</P
><P
>But what happens if the file has no permissions allowed 
		for a particular UNIX user group or world component ? In order 
		to  allow "no permissions" to be seen and modified then Samba 
		overloads the NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Take Ownership"</B
> ACL attribute 
		(which has no meaning in UNIX) and reports a component with 
		no permissions as having the NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"O"</B
> bit set. 
		This was chosen of course to make it look like a zero, meaning 
		zero permissions. More details on the decision behind this will 
		be given below.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN651"
>5.4.2. Directory Permissions</A
></H2
><P
>Directories on an NT NTFS file system have two 
		different sets of permissions. The first set of permissions 
		is the ACL set on the directory itself, this is usually displayed 
		in the first set of parentheses in the normal <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"RW"</B
> 
		NT style. This first set of permissions is created by Samba in 
		exactly the same way as normal file permissions are, described 
		above, and is displayed in the same way.</P
><P
>The second set of directory permissions has no real meaning 
		in the UNIX permissions world and represents the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>		"inherited"</B
> permissions that any file created within 
		this directory would inherit.</P
><P
>Samba synthesises these inherited permissions for NT by 
		returning as an NT ACL the UNIX permission mode that a new file 
		created by Samba on this share would receive.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN658"
>5.5. Modifying file or directory permissions</A
></H1
><P
>Modifying file and directory permissions is as simple 
	as changing the displayed permissions in the dialog box, and 
	clicking the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>OK</B
> button. However, there are 
	limitations that a user needs to be aware of, and also interactions 
	with the standard Samba permission masks and mapping of DOS 
	attributes that need to also be taken into account.</P
><P
>If the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>nt acl support</I
></TT
>
	is set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>false</TT
> then any attempt to set 
	security permissions will fail with an <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Access Denied"
	</B
> message.</P
><P
>The first thing to note is that the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Add"</B
> 
	button will not return a list of users in Samba 2.0.4 (it will give 
	an error message of <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"The remote procedure call failed 
	and did not execute"</B
>). This means that you can only 
	manipulate the current user/group/world permissions listed in 
	the dialog box. This actually works quite well as these are the 
	only permissions that UNIX actually has.</P
><P
>If a permission triple (either user, group, or world) 
	is removed from the list of permissions in the NT dialog box, 
	then when the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> button is pressed it will 
	be applied as "no permissions" on the UNIX side. If you then 
	view the permissions again the "no permissions" entry will appear 
	as the NT <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"O"</B
> flag, as described above. This 
	allows you to add permissions back to a file or directory once 
	you have removed them from a triple component.</P
><P
>As UNIX supports only the "r", "w" and "x" bits of 
	an NT ACL then if other NT security attributes such as "Delete 
	access" are selected then they will be ignored when applied on 
	the Samba server.</P
><P
>When setting permissions on a directory the second 
	set of permissions (in the second set of parentheses) is 
	by default applied to all files within that directory. If this 
	is not what you want you must uncheck the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Replace 
	permissions on existing files"</B
> checkbox in the NT 
	dialog before clicking <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
>.</P
><P
>If you wish to remove all permissions from a 
	user/group/world  component then you may either highlight the 
	component and click the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Remove"</B
> button, 
	or set the component to only have the special <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Take
	Ownership"</B
> permission (displayed as <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"O"
	</B
>) highlighted.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN680"
>5.6. Interaction with the standard Samba create mask 
	parameters</A
></H1
><P
>Note that with Samba 2.0.5 there are four new parameters 
	to control this interaction.  These are :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory security mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
>Once a user clicks <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to apply the 
	permissions Samba maps the given permissions into a user/group/world 
	r/w/x triple set, and then will check the changed permissions for a 
	file against the bits set in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYMASK"
TARGET="_top"
> 
	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
></A
> parameter. Any bits that 
	were changed that are not set to '1' in this parameter are left alone 
	in the file permissions.</P
><P
>Essentially, zero bits in the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
>
	mask may be treated as a set of bits the user is <EM
>not</EM
> 
	allowed to change, and one bits are those the user is allowed to change.
	</P
><P
>If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value as 
	the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#CREATEMASK"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>create mask
	</I
></TT
></A
> parameter to provide compatibility with Samba 2.0.4 
	where this permission change facility was introduced. To allow a user to 
	modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file, set this parameter 
	to 0777.</P
><P
>Next Samba checks the changed permissions for a file against 
	the bits set in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#FORCESECURITYMODE"
TARGET="_top"
>	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode</I
></TT
></A
> parameter. Any bits 
	that were changed that correspond to bits set to '1' in this parameter 
	are forced to be set.</P
><P
>Essentially, bits set in the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode
	</I
></TT
> parameter may be treated as a set of bits that, when 
	modifying security on a file, the user has always set to be 'on'.</P
><P
>If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value 
	as the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#FORCECREATEMODE"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force 
	create mode</I
></TT
></A
> parameter to provide compatibility
	with Samba 2.0.4 where the permission change facility was introduced.
	To allow a user to modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file
	with no restrictions set this parameter to 000.</P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask</I
></TT
> and <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force 
	security mode</I
></TT
> parameters are applied to the change 
	request in that order.</P
><P
>For a directory Samba will perform the same operations as 
	described above for a file except using the parameter <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>	directory security mask</I
></TT
> instead of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security 
	mask</I
></TT
>, and <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security mode
	</I
></TT
> parameter instead of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode
	</I
></TT
>.</P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory security mask</I
></TT
> parameter 
	by default is set to the same value as the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory mask
	</I
></TT
> parameter and the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security 
	mode</I
></TT
> parameter by default is set to the same value as 
 	the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory mode</I
></TT
> parameter to provide 
	compatibility with Samba 2.0.4 where the permission change facility 
	was introduced.</P
><P
>In this way Samba enforces the permission restrictions that 
	an administrator can set on a Samba share, whilst still allowing users 
	to modify the permission bits within that restriction.</P
><P
>If you want to set up a share that allows users full control
	in modifying the permission bits on their files and directories and
	doesn't force any particular bits to be set 'on', then set the following
	parameters in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf(5)
	</TT
></A
> file in that share specific section :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security mask = 0777</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force security mode = 0</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory security mask = 0777</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory security mode = 0</I
></TT
></P
><P
>As described, in Samba 2.0.4 the parameters :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>create mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force create mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>directory mask</I
></TT
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>force directory mode</I
></TT
></P
><P
>were used instead of the parameters discussed here.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN744"
>5.7. Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute 
	mapping</A
></H1
><P
>Samba maps some of the DOS attribute bits (such as "read 
	only") into the UNIX permissions of a file. This means there can 
	be a conflict between the permission bits set via the security 
	dialog and the permission bits set by the file attribute mapping.
	</P
><P
>One way this can show up is if a file has no UNIX read access
	for the owner it will show up as "read only" in the standard 
	file attributes tabbed dialog. Unfortunately this dialog is
	the same one that contains the security info in another tab.</P
><P
>What this can mean is that if the owner changes the permissions
	to allow themselves read access using the security dialog, clicks
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to get back to the standard attributes tab 
	dialog, and then clicks <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> on that dialog, then 
	NT will set the file permissions back to read-only (as that is what 
	the attributes still say in the dialog). This means that after setting 
	permissions and clicking <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to get back to the 
	attributes dialog you should always hit <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"Cancel"</B
> 
	rather than <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>"OK"</B
> to ensure that your changes 
	are not overridden.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="PRINTING"
>Chapter 6. Printing Support in Samba 2.2.x</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN765"
>6.1. Introduction</A
></H1
><P
>Beginning with the 2.2.0 release, Samba supports 
the native Windows NT printing mechanisms implemented via 
MS-RPC (i.e. the SPOOLSS named pipe).  Previous versions of 
Samba only supported LanMan printing calls.</P
><P
>The additional functionality provided by the new 
SPOOLSS support includes:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Support for downloading printer driver 
	files to Windows 95/98/NT/2000 clients upon demand.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Uploading of printer drivers via the 
	Windows NT Add Printer Wizard (APW) or the 
	Imprints tool set (refer to <A
HREF="http://imprints.sourceforge.net"
TARGET="_top"
>http://imprints.sourceforge.net</A
>). 
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Support for the native MS-RPC printing 
	calls such as StartDocPrinter, EnumJobs(), etc...  (See 
	the MSDN documentation at <A
HREF="http://msdn.microsoft.com/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://msdn.microsoft.com/</A
> 
	for more information on the Win32 printing API)
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Support for NT Access Control Lists (ACL) 
	on printer objects</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Improved support for printer queue manipulation 
	through the use of an internal databases for spooled job 
	information</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>There has been some initial confusion about what all this means
and whether or not it is a requirement for printer drivers to be 
installed on a Samba host in order to support printing from Windows 
clients.  A bug existed in Samba 2.2.0 which made Windows NT/2000 clients 
require that the Samba server possess a valid driver for the printer.  
This is fixed in Samba 2.2.1 and once again, Windows NT/2000 clients
can use the local APW for installing drivers to be used with a Samba 
served printer.  This is the same behavior exhibited by Windows 9x clients.
As a side note, Samba does not use these drivers in any way to process 
spooled files.  They are utilized entirely by the clients.</P
><P
>The following MS KB article, may be of some help if you are dealing with
Windows 2000 clients:  <EM
>How to Add Printers with No User 
Interaction in Windows 2000</EM
></P
><P
><A
HREF="http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q189/1/05.ASP"
TARGET="_top"
>http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q189/1/05.ASP</A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN787"
>6.2. Configuration</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>[print$] vs. [printer$]</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>Previous versions of Samba recommended using a share named [printer$].  
This name was taken from the printer$ service created by Windows 9x 
clients when a printer was shared.  Windows 9x printer servers always have 
a printer$ service which provides read-only access via no 
password in order to support printer driver downloads.</P
><P
>However, the initial implementation allowed for a 
parameter named <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver location</I
></TT
> 
to be used on a per share basis to specify the location of 
the driver files associated with that printer.  Another 
parameter named <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver</I
></TT
> provided 
a means of defining the printer driver name to be sent to 
the client.</P
><P
>These parameters, including <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver
file</I
></TT
> parameter, are being deprecated and should not
be used in new installations.  For more information on this change, 
you should refer to the <A
HREF="#MIGRATION"
>Migration section</A
>
of this document.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN798"
>6.2.1. Creating [print$]</A
></H2
><P
>In order to support the uploading of printer driver 
files, you must first configure a file share named [print$].  
The name of this share is hard coded in Samba's internals so 
the name is very important (print$ is the service used by 
Windows NT print servers to provide support for printer driver 
download).</P
><P
>You should modify the server's smb.conf file to add the global
parameters and to create the 
following file share (of course, some of the parameter values,
such as 'path' are arbitrary and should be replaced with
appropriate values for your site):</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[global]
    ; members of the ntadmin group should be able
    ; to add drivers and set printer properties
    ; root is implicitly a 'printer admin'
    printer admin = @ntadmin

[print$]
    path = /usr/local/samba/printers
    guest ok = yes
    browseable = yes
    read only = yes
    ; since this share is configured as read only, then we need
    ; a 'write list'.  Check the file system permissions to make
    ; sure this account can copy files to the share.  If this
    ; is setup to a non-root account, then it should also exist
    ; as a 'printer admin'
    write list = @ntadmin,root</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WRITELIST"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>write list</I
></TT
></A
> is used to allow administrative 
level user accounts to have write access in order to update files 
on the share.  See the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
>smb.conf(5) 
man page</A
> for more information on configuring file shares.</P
><P
>The requirement for <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#GUESTOK"
TARGET="_top"
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>guest 
ok = yes</B
></A
> depends upon how your
site is configured.  If users will be guaranteed to have 
an account on the Samba host, then this is a non-issue.</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Author's Note: </B
>The non-issue is that if all your Windows NT users are guaranteed to be 
authenticated by the Samba server (such as a domain member server and the NT 
user has already been validated by the Domain Controller in 
order to logon to the Windows NT console), then guest access 
is not necessary.  Of course, in a workgroup environment where 
you just want to be able to print without worrying about 
silly accounts and security, then configure the share for 
guest access.  You'll probably want to add <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#MAPTOGUEST"
TARGET="_top"
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>map to guest = Bad User</B
></A
> in the [global] section as well.  Make sure 
you understand what this parameter does before using it 
though. --jerry</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
>In order for a Windows NT print server to support 
the downloading of driver files by multiple client architectures,
it must create subdirectories within the [print$] service
which correspond to each of the supported client architectures.
Samba follows this model as well.</P
><P
>Next create the directory tree below the [print$] share 
for each architecture you wish to support.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[print$]-----
        |-W32X86           ; "Windows NT x86"
        |-WIN40            ; "Windows 95/98"
        |-W32ALPHA         ; "Windows NT Alpha_AXP"
        |-W32MIPS          ; "Windows NT R4000"
        |-W32PPC           ; "Windows NT PowerPC"</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>ATTENTION!  REQUIRED PERMISSIONS</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>In order to currently add a new driver to you Samba host, 
one of two conditions must hold true:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>The account used to connect to the Samba host 
	must have a uid of 0 (i.e. a root account)</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The account used to connect to the Samba host
	must be a member of the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTERADMIN"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer 
	admin</I
></TT
></A
> list.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Of course, the connected account must still possess access
to add files to the subdirectories beneath [print$]. Remember
that all file shares are set to 'read only' by default.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>Once you have created the required [print$] service and 
associated subdirectories, simply log onto the Samba server using 
a root (or <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer admin</I
></TT
>) account
from a Windows NT 4.0/2k client.  Open "Network Neighbourhood" or
"My Network Places" and browse for the Samba host.  Once you have located
the server, navigate to the "Printers..." folder.
You should see an initial listing of printers
that matches the printer shares defined on your Samba host.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN833"
>6.2.2. Setting Drivers for Existing Printers</A
></H2
><P
>The initial listing of printers in the Samba host's 
Printers folder will have no real printer driver assigned 
to them.  By default, in Samba 2.2.0 this driver name was set to 
<EM
>NO PRINTER DRIVER AVAILABLE FOR THIS PRINTER</EM
>.
Later versions changed this to a NULL string to allow the use
tof the local Add Printer Wizard on NT/2000 clients.
Attempting to view the printer properties for a printer
which has this default driver assigned will result in 
the error message:</P
><P
><EM
>Device settings cannot be displayed.  The driver 
for the specified printer is not installed, only spooler 
properties will be displayed.  Do you want to install the 
driver now?</EM
></P
><P
>Click <EM
>No</EM
> in the error dialog and you will be presented with
the printer properties window.  The way assign a driver to a
printer is to either</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Use the "New Driver..." button to install
	a new printer driver, or</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Select a driver from the popup list of
	installed drivers.  Initially this list will be empty.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>If you wish to install printer drivers for client
operating systems other than "Windows NT x86", you will need
to use the "Sharing" tab of the printer properties dialog.</P
><P
>Assuming you have connected with a root account, you
will also be able modify other printer properties such as
ACLs and device settings using this dialog box.</P
><P
>A few closing comments for this section, it is possible
on a Windows NT print server to have printers
listed in the Printers folder which are not shared.  Samba does
not make this distinction.  By definition, the only printers of
which Samba is aware are those which are specified as shares in
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>.</P
><P
>Another interesting side note is that Windows NT clients do
not use the SMB printer share, but rather can print directly
to any printer on another Windows NT host using MS-RPC.  This
of course assumes that the printing client has the necessary
privileges on the remote host serving the printer.  The default
permissions assigned by Windows NT to a printer gives the "Print"
permissions to the "Everyone" well-known group.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN851"
>6.2.3. DeviceModes and New Printers</A
></H2
><P
>In order for a printer to be truly usbla eby a Windows NT/2k/XP client,
it must posses:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>a valid Device Mode generated by the driver for the printer, and</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>a complete set of PrinterDriverData generated by the driver.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>If either one of these is incomplete, the clients can produce less than optimal 
output at best or in the worst cases, unreadable garbage or nothing at all.  
Fortunately, most driver generate the printer driver that is needed.
However, the client must be tickled to generate a valid Device Mode and set it on the
server.  The easist means of doing so is to simply set the page orientation on 
the server's printer using the native Windows NT/2k printer properties page from 
a Window clients.  Make sure to apply changes between swapping the page orientation
to cause the change to actually take place.  Be aware that this can only be done
by a "printer admin" (the reason should be obvious I hope).</P
><P
>Samba also includes a service level parameter name <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DEFAULTDEVMODE"
TARGET="_top"
>default
devmode</A
> for generating a default device mode for a printer.  Some driver
will function fine with this default set of properties.  Others may crash the client's
spooler service.  Use this parameter with caution. It is always better to have the client
generate a valid device mode for the printer and store it on the server for you.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN862"
>6.2.4. Support a large number of printers</A
></H2
><P
>One issue that has arisen during the development
phase of Samba 2.2 is the need to support driver downloads for
100's of printers.  Using the Windows NT APW is somewhat
awkward to say the list.  If more than one printer are using the
same driver, the <A
HREF="rpcclient.1.html"
TARGET="_top"
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>rpcclient's
setdriver</B
></A
> command can be used to set the driver
associated with an installed driver.  The following is example
of how this could be accomplished:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
>rpcclient pogo -U root%secret -c "enumdrivers"
Domain=[NARNIA] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.0-alpha3]

[Windows NT x86]
Printer Driver Info 1:
     Driver Name: [HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS]

Printer Driver Info 1:
     Driver Name: [HP LaserJet 2100 Series PS]

Printer Driver Info 1:
     Driver Name: [HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS]

<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
>rpcclient pogo -U root%secret -c "enumprinters"
Domain=[NARNIA] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.0-alpha3]
     flags:[0x800000]
     name:[\\POGO\hp-print]
     description:[POGO\\POGO\hp-print,NO DRIVER AVAILABLE FOR THIS PRINTER,]
     comment:[]

<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$ </TT
>rpcclient pogo -U root%secret \
<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>&#62; </TT
> -c "setdriver hp-print \"HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS\""
Domain=[NARNIA] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.0-alpha3]
Successfully set hp-print to driver HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS.</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN873"
>6.2.5. Adding New Printers via the Windows NT APW</A
></H2
><P
>By default, Samba offers all printer shares defined in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>
in the "Printers..." folder.  Also existing in this folder is the Windows NT
Add Printer Wizard icon.  The APW will be show only if</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>The connected user is able to successfully
	execute an OpenPrinterEx(\\server) with administrative
	privileges (i.e. root or <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer admin</I
></TT
>).
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SHOWADDPRINTERWIZARD"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>show
	add printer wizard = yes</I
></TT
></A
> (the default).
	</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>In order to be able to use the APW to successfully add a printer to a Samba
server, the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ADDPRINTERCOMMAND"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>add
printer command</I
></TT
></A
> must have a defined value.  The program
hook must successfully add the printer to the system (i.e.
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/printcap</TT
> or appropriate files) and
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> if necessary.</P
><P
>When using the APW from a client, if the named printer share does
not exist, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
> will execute the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>add printer
command</I
></TT
> and reparse to the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>
to attempt to locate the new printer share.  If the share is still not defined,
an error of "Access Denied" is returned to the client.  Note that the 
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>add printer program</I
></TT
> is executed under the context
of the connected user, not necessarily a root account.</P
><P
>There is a complementing <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DELETEPRINTERCOMMAND"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>delete
printer command</I
></TT
></A
> for removing entries from the "Printers..."
folder.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN898"
>6.2.6. Samba and Printer Ports</A
></H2
><P
>Windows NT/2000 print servers associate a port with each printer.  These normally
take the form of LPT1:, COM1:, FILE:, etc...  Samba must also support the
concept of ports associated with a printer.  By default, only one printer port,
named "Samba Printer Port", exists on a system.  Samba does not really a port in
order to print, rather it is a requirement of Windows clients.  </P
><P
>Note that Samba does not support the concept of "Printer Pooling" internally 
either.  This is when a logical printer is assigned to multiple ports as 
a form of load balancing or fail over.</P
><P
>If you require that multiple ports be defined for some reason,
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> possesses a <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ENUMPORTSCOMMAND"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>enumports 
command</I
></TT
></A
> which can be used to define an external program 
that generates a listing of ports on a system.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN906"
>6.3. The Imprints Toolset</A
></H1
><P
>The Imprints tool set provides a UNIX equivalent of the 
	Windows NT Add Printer Wizard.  For complete information, please 
	refer to the Imprints web site at <A
HREF="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/"
TARGET="_top"
>	http://imprints.sourceforge.net/</A
> as well as the documentation 
	included with the imprints source distribution.  This section will 
	only provide a brief introduction to the features of Imprints.</P
><P
>As of June 16, 2002 (quite a bit earlier actually), the Imprints
	project is in need of a new maintainer.  The most important skill
	is decent perl coding and an interest in MS-RPC based printing using Samba.
	If you wich to volunteer, please coordinate your efforts on the samba-technical
	mailing list.
	</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN911"
>6.3.1. What is Imprints?</A
></H2
><P
>Imprints is a collection of tools for supporting the goals 
		of</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Providing a central repository information 
			regarding Windows NT and 95/98 printer driver packages</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Providing the tools necessary for creating 
			the Imprints printer driver packages.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Providing an installation client which 
			will obtain and install printer drivers on remote Samba 
			and Windows NT 4 print servers.</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN921"
>6.3.2. Creating Printer Driver Packages</A
></H2
><P
>The process of creating printer driver packages is beyond
		the scope of this document (refer to Imprints.txt also included
		with the Samba distribution for more information).  In short,
		an Imprints driver package is a gzipped tarball containing the
		driver files, related INF files, and a control file needed by the
		installation client.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN924"
>6.3.3. The Imprints server</A
></H2
><P
>The Imprints server is really a database server that 
		may be queried via standard HTTP mechanisms.  Each printer 
		entry in the database has an associated URL for the actual
		downloading of the package.  Each package is digitally signed
		via GnuPG which can be used to verify that package downloaded
		is actually the one referred in the Imprints database.  It is 
		<EM
>not</EM
> recommended that this security check 
		be disabled.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN928"
>6.3.4. The Installation Client</A
></H2
><P
>More information regarding the Imprints installation client 
		is available in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>Imprints-Client-HOWTO.ps</TT
> 
		file included with the imprints source package.</P
><P
>The Imprints installation client comes in two forms.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>a set of command line Perl scripts</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>a GTK+ based graphical interface to 
			the command line perl scripts</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>The installation client (in both forms) provides a means
		of querying the Imprints database server for a matching
		list of known printer model names as well as a means to 
		download and install the drivers on remote Samba and Windows
		NT print servers.</P
><P
>The basic installation process is in four steps and 
		perl code is wrapped around <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbclient</B
> 
		and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>rpcclient</B
>.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	
foreach (supported architecture for a given driver)
{
     1.  rpcclient: Get the appropriate upload directory 
         on the remote server
     2.  smbclient: Upload the driver files
     3.  rpcclient: Issues an AddPrinterDriver() MS-RPC
}
	
4.  rpcclient: Issue an AddPrinterEx() MS-RPC to actually
    create the printer</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>One of the problems encountered when implementing 
		the Imprints tool set was the name space issues between 
		various supported client architectures.  For example, Windows 
		NT includes a driver named "Apple LaserWriter II NTX v51.8" 
		and Windows 95 calls its version of this driver "Apple 
		LaserWriter II NTX"</P
><P
>The problem is how to know what client drivers have 
		been uploaded for a printer.  As astute reader will remember 
		that the Windows NT Printer Properties dialog only includes 
		space for one printer driver name.  A quick look in the 
		Windows NT 4.0 system registry at</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Print\Environment
		</TT
></P
><P
>will reveal that Windows NT always uses the NT driver 
		name.  This is ok as Windows NT always requires that at least 
		the Windows NT version of the printer driver is present.  
		However, Samba does not have the requirement internally.  
		Therefore, how can you use the NT driver name if is has not 
		already been installed?</P
><P
>The way of sidestepping this limitation is to require 
		that all Imprints printer driver packages include both the Intel 
		Windows NT and 95/98 printer drivers and that NT driver is 
		installed first.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN950"
>6.4. <A
NAME="MIGRATION"
></A
>Migration to from Samba 2.0.x to 2.2.x</A
></H1
><P
>Given that printer driver management has changed (we hope improved) in 
2.2 over prior releases, migration from an existing setup to 2.2 can 
follow several paths. Here are the possible scenarios for 
migration:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>If you do not desire the new Windows NT 
	print driver support, nothing needs to be done.  
	All existing parameters work the same.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>If you want to take advantage of NT printer 
	driver support but do not want to migrate the 
	9x drivers to the new setup, the leave the existing 
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>printers.def</TT
> file.  When smbd attempts 
	to locate a 
	9x driver for the printer in the TDB and fails it 
	will drop down to using the printers.def (and all 
	associated parameters).  The <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>make_printerdef</B
> 
	tool will also remain for backwards compatibility but will 
	be removed in the next major release.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>If you install a Windows 9x driver for a printer 
	on your Samba host (in the printing TDB), this information will 
	take precedence and the three old printing parameters
	will be ignored (including print driver location).</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>If you want to migrate an existing <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>printers.def</TT
> 
	file into the new setup, the current only solution is to use the Windows 
	NT APW to install the NT drivers and the 9x  drivers.  This can be scripted 
	using <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbclient</B
> and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>rpcclient</B
>.  See the 
	Imprints installation client at <A
HREF="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://imprints.sourceforge.net/</A
> 
	for an example.
	</P
></LI
></UL
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Achtung!</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>The following <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> parameters are considered to 
be deprecated and will be removed soon.  Do not use them in new 
installations</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver file (G)</I
></TT
>
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver (S)</I
></TT
>
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>printer driver location (S)</I
></TT
>
	</P
></LI
></UL
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN983"
>6.4.1. Parameters in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf(5)</TT
> for Backwards Compatibility</A
></H2
><P
>The have been two new parameters add in Samba 2.2.2 to for 
better support of Samba 2.0.x backwards capability (<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>disable
spoolss</I
></TT
>) and for using local printers drivers on Windows 
NT/2000 clients (<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>use client driver</I
></TT
>). Both of 
these options are described in the smb.coinf(5) man page and are 
disabled by default.  Use them with caution.</P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="CUPS"
>Chapter 7. Printing with CUPS in Samba 2.2.x</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN999"
>7.1. Printing with CUPS in Samba 2.2.x</A
></H1
><P
><A
HREF="http://www.cups.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>CUPS</A
> is a newcomer in
the UNIX printing scene, which has convinced many people upon first trial
already. However, it has quite a few new features, which make it different
from other, more traditional printing systems.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1003"
>7.2. Configuring <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> for CUPS</A
></H1
><P
>Printing with CUPS in the most basic <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>
setup in Samba 2.2.x only needs two settings: <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>printing = cups</B
> and
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>printcap = cups</B
>. While CUPS itself doesn't need a printcap
anymore, the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>cupsd.conf</TT
> configuration file knows two directives
(example: <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Printcap /etc/printcap</B
> and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>PrintcapFormat
BSD</B
>), which control if such a file should be created for the
convenience of third party applications. Make sure it is set! For details see
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>man cupsd.conf</B
> and other CUPS-related documentation.</P
><P
>If SAMBA is compiled against libcups, then <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>printcap =
cups</B
> uses the CUPS API to list printers, submit jobs, etc. Otherwise it
maps to the System V commands with an additional <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>-oraw</I
></TT
>
option for printing. On a Linux system, you can use the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ldd</B
> command to
find out details (ldd may not be present on other OS platforms, or its
function may be embodied by a different command):</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>transmeta:/home/kurt # ldd `which smbd`
        libssl.so.0.9.6 =&#62; /usr/lib/libssl.so.0.9.6 (0x4002d000)
        libcrypto.so.0.9.6 =&#62; /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.6 (0x4005a000)
        libcups.so.2 =&#62; /usr/lib/libcups.so.2 (0x40123000)
        libdl.so.2 =&#62; /lib/libdl.so.2 (0x401e8000)
        libnsl.so.1 =&#62; /lib/libnsl.so.1 (0x401ec000)
        libpam.so.0 =&#62; /lib/libpam.so.0 (0x40202000)
        libc.so.6 =&#62; /lib/libc.so.6 (0x4020b000)
        /lib/ld-linux.so.2 =&#62; /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The line "libcups.so.2 =&#62; /usr/lib/libcups.so.2
(0x40123000)" shows there is CUPS support compiled into this version of
Samba. If this is the case, and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>printing = cups</B
> is set, then any
otherwise manually set print command in smb.conf is ignored.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1022"
>7.3. Using CUPS as a mere spooling print server -- "raw"
printing with vendor drivers download</A
></H1
><P
>You can setup Samba and your Windows clients to use the
CUPS print subsystem just as you would with any of the more traditional print
subsystems: that means the use of vendor provided, native Windows printer
drivers for each target printer. If you setup the [print$] share to
download these drivers to the clients, their GDI system (Graphical Device
Interface) will output the Wndows EMF (Enhanced MetaFile) and
convert it -- with the help of the printer driver -- locally into the format
the printer is expecting. Samba and the CUPS print subsystem will have to
treat these files as raw print files  -- they are already in the
shape to be digestable for the printer. This is the same traditional setup
for Unix print servers handling Windows client jobs. It does not take much
CPU power to handle this kind of task efficiently.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1025"
>7.4. CUPS as a network PostScript RIP -- CUPS drivers working on server, Adobe
PostScript driver with CUPS-PPDs downloaded to clients</A
></H1
><P
>CUPS is perfectly able to use PPD files (PostScript
Printer Descriptions). PPDs can control all print device options. They
are usually provided by the manufacturer -- if you own a PostSript printer,
that is. PPD files are always a component of PostScript printer drivers on MS
Windows or Apple Mac OS systems. They are ASCII files containing
user-selectable print options, mapped to appropriate PostScript, PCL or PJL
commands for the target printer. Printer driver GUI dialogs translate these
options "on-the-fly" into buttons and drop-down lists for the user to
select.</P
><P
>CUPS can load, without any conversions, the PPD file from
any Windows (NT is recommended) PostScript driver and handle the options.
There is a web browser interface to the print options (select
http://localhost:631/printers/ and click on one "Configure Printer" button
to see it), a commandline interface (see <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>man lpoptions</B
> or
try if you have <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>lphelp</B
> on your system) plus some different GUI frontends on Linux
UNIX, which can present PPD options to the users. PPD options are normally
meant to become evaluated by the PostScript RIP on the real PostScript
printer.</P
><P
>CUPS doesn't stop at "real" PostScript printers in its
usage of PPDs. The CUPS developers have extended the PPD concept, to also
describe available device and driver options for non-PostScript printers
through  CUPS-PPDs.</P
><P
>This is logical, as CUPS includes a fully featured
PostScript interpreter (RIP). This RIP is based on Ghostscript. It can
process all received PostScript (and additionally many other file formats)
from clients. All CUPS-PPDs geared to non-PostScript printers contain an
additional line, starting with the keyword <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>*cupsFilter</I
></TT
>.
This line
tells the CUPS print system which printer-specific filter to use for the
interpretation of the accompanying PostScript. Thus CUPS lets all its
printers appear as PostScript devices to its clients, because it can act as a
PostScript RIP for those printers, processing the received PostScript code
into a proper raster print format.</P
><P
>CUPS-PPDs can also be used on Windows-Clients, on top of a
PostScript driver (recommended is the Adobe one).</P
><P
>This feature enables CUPS to do a few tricks no other
spooler can do:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>act as a networked PostScript RIP (Raster Image Processor), handling
    printfiles from all client platforms in a uniform way;</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>act as a central accounting and billing server, as all files are passed
    through the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>pstops</B
> Filter and are therefor logged in
    the CUPS <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>page_log</TT
>. - <EM
>NOTE: </EM
>this
    can not happen with "raw" print jobs, which always remain unfiltered
    per definition;</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>enable clients to consolidate on a single PostScript driver, even for
    many different target printers.</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1046"
>7.5. Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS clients</A
></H1
><P
>This setup may be of special interest to people
experiencing major problems in WTS environments. WTS need often a multitude
of non-PostScript drivers installed to run their clients' variety of
different printer models. This often imposes the price of much increased
instability. In many cases, in an attempt to overcome this problem, site
administrators have resorted to restrict the allowed drivers installed on
their WTS to one generic PCL- and one PostScript driver. This however
restricts the clients in the amount of printer options available for them --
often they can't get out more then simplex prints from one standard paper
tray, while their devices could do much better, if driven by a different
driver!</P
><P
>Using an Adobe PostScript driver, enabled with a CUPS-PPD,
seems to be a very elegant way to overcome all these shortcomings. The
PostScript driver is not known to cause major stability problems on WTS (even
if used with many different PPDs). The clients will be able to (again) chose
paper trays, duplex printing and other settings. However, there is a certain
price for this too: a  CUPS server acting as a PostScript RIP for its clients
requires more CPU and RAM than just to act as  a "raw spooling" device. Plus,
this setup is not yet widely tested, although the first feedbacks look very
promising...</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1050"
>7.6. Setting up CUPS for driver download</A
></H1
><P
>The <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cupsadsmb</B
> utility (shipped with all current
CUPS versions) makes the sharing of any (or all) installed CUPS printers very
easy. Prior to using it, you need the following settings in smb.conf:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[global]
         load printers = yes
         printing = cups
         printcap name = cups

[printers]
         comment = All Printers
         path = /var/spool/samba
         browseable = no
         public = yes
         guest ok = yes
         writable = no
         printable = yes
         printer admin = root

[print$]
         comment = Printer Drivers
         path = /etc/samba/drivers
         browseable = yes
         guest ok = no
         read only = yes
         write list = root</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>For licensing reasons the necessary files of the Adobe
Postscript driver can not be distributed with either Samba or CUPS. You need
to download them yourself from the Adobe website. Once extracted, create a
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>drivers</TT
> directory in the CUPS data directory (usually
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/share/cups/</TT
>). Copy the Adobe files using
UPPERCASE filenames, to this directory as follows:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>        ADFONTS.MFM
        ADOBEPS4.DRV
        ADOBEPS4.HLP
        ADOBEPS5.DLL
        ADOBEPSU.DLL
        ADOBEPSU.HLP
        DEFPRTR2.PPD
        ICONLIB.DLL</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>Users of the ESP Print Pro software are able to install
their "Samba Drivers" package for this purpose with no problem.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1062"
>7.7. Sources of CUPS drivers / PPDs</A
></H1
><P
>On the internet you can find now many thousand CUPS-PPD
files (with their companion filters), in many national languages,
supporting more than 1.000 non-PostScript models.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="http://wwwl.easysw.com/printpro/"
TARGET="_top"
>ESP PrintPro
    (http://wwwl.easysw.com/printpro/)</A
>
    (commercial, non-Free) is packaged with more than 3.000 PPDs, ready for
    successful usage "out of the box" on Linux, IBM-AIX, HP-UX, Sun-Solaris,
    SGI-IRIX, Compaq Tru64, Digital Unix and some more commercial Unices (it
    is written by the CUPS developers themselves and its sales help finance
    the further development of CUPS, as they feed their creators)</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>the <A
HREF="http://gimp-print.sourceforge.net/"
TARGET="_top"
>Gimp-Print-Project
    (http://gimp-print.sourceforge.net/)</A
>
    (GPL, Free Software) provides around 120 PPDs (supporting nearly 300
    printers, many driven to photo quality output), to be used alongside the
    Gimp-Print CUPS filters;</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="http://www.turboprint.com/"
TARGET="_top"
>TurboPrint
    (http://www.turboprint.com/)</A
>
    (Shareware, non-Freee) supports roughly the same amount of printers in
    excellent quality;</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux/projects/omni/"
TARGET="_top"
>OMNI
    (http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux/projects/omni/)</A
>
    (LPGL, Free) is a package made by IBM, now containing support for more
    than 400 printers, stemming from the inheritance of IBM OS/2 KnowHow
    ported over to Linux (CUPS support is in a Beta-stage at present);</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="http://hpinkjet.sourceforge.net/"
TARGET="_top"
>HPIJS
    (http://hpinkjet.sourceforge.net/)</A
>
    (BSD-style licnes, Free) supports around 120 of HP's own printers and is
    also providing excellent print quality now;</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="http://www.linuxprinting.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>Foomatic/cupsomatic (http://www.linuxprinting.org/)</A
> 
    (LPGL, Free) from Linuxprinting.org are providing PPDs for practically every
    Ghostscript filter known to the world, now usable with CUPS.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
><EM
>NOTE: </EM
>the cupsomatic trick from Linuxprinting.org is
working different from the other drivers. While the other drivers take the
generic CUPS raster (produced by CUPS' own pstoraster PostScript RIP) as
their input, cupsomatic "kidnaps" the PostScript inside CUPS, before
RIP-ping, deviates it to an external Ghostscript installation (which now
becomes the RIP) and gives it back to a CUPS backend once Ghostscript is
finished. -- CUPS versions from 1.1.15 and later will provide their pstoraster
PostScript RIP function again inside a system-wide Ghostscript 
installation rather than in "their own" pstoraster filter. (This 
CUPS-enabling Ghostscript version may be installed either as a 
patch to GNU or AFPL Ghostscript, or as a complete ESP Ghostscript package).
However, this will not change the cupsomatic approach of guiding the printjob
along a different path through the filtering system than the standard CUPS
way...</P
><P
>Once you installed a printer inside CUPS with one of the
recommended methods (the lpadmin command, the web browser interface or one of
the available GUI wizards), you can use <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cupsaddsmb</B
> to share the
printer via Samba. <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cupsaddsmb</B
> prepares the driver files for
comfortable client download and installation upon their first contact with
this printer share.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1089"
>7.7.1. <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cupsaddsmb</B
></A
></H2
><P
>The <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cupsaddsmb</B
> command copies the needed files
for convenient Windows client installations from the previously prepared CUPS
data directory to your [print$] share. Additionally, the PPD
associated with this printer is copied from <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/cups/ppd/</TT
> to
[print$].</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cupsaddsmb -U root infotec_IS2027</B
>
Password for root required to access localhost via SAMBA: <TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>[type in password 'secret']</B
></TT
></PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>To share all printers and drivers, use the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>-a</I
></TT
>
parameter instead of a printer name.</P
><P
>Probably you want to see what's going on. Use the
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>-v</I
></TT
> parameter to get a more verbose output:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
> cupsaddsmb -v -U root infotec_IS2027
    Password for root required to access localhost via SAMBA:
    Running command: smbclient //localhost/print\$ -N -U'root%secret' -c 'mkdir W32X86;put /var/spool/cups/tmp/3cd1cc66376c0 W32X86/infotec_IS2027.PPD;put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS5.DLL W32X86/ADOBEPS5.DLL;put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPSU.DLL W32X86/ADOBEPSU.DLL;put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPSU.HLP W32X86/ADOBEPSU.HLP'
    added interface ip=10.160.16.45 bcast=10.160.31.255 nmask=255.255.240.0
    added interface ip=192.168.182.1 bcast=192.168.182.255 nmask=255.255.255.0
    added interface ip=172.16.200.1 bcast=172.16.200.255 nmask=255.255.255.0
    Domain=[TUX-NET] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.3a.200204262025cvs]
    NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION making remote directory \W32X86
    putting file /var/spool/cups/tmp/3cd1cc66376c0 as \W32X86/infotec_IS2027.PPD (17394.6 kb/s) (average 17395.2 kb/s)
    putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS5.DLL as \W32X86/ADOBEPS5.DLL (10877.4 kb/s) (average 11343.0 kb/s)
    putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPSU.DLL as \W32X86/ADOBEPSU.DLL (5095.2 kb/s) (average 9260.4 kb/s)
    putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPSU.HLP as \W32X86/ADOBEPSU.HLP (8828.7 kb/s) (average 9247.1 kb/s)

    Running command: smbclient //localhost/print\$ -N -U'root%secret' -c 'mkdir WIN40;put /var/spool/cups/tmp/3cd1cc66376c0 WIN40/infotec_IS2027.PPD;put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADFONTS.MFM WIN40/ADFONTS.MFM;put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.DRV WIN40/ADOBEPS4.DRV;put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.HLP WIN40/ADOBEPS4.HLP;put /usr/share/cups/drivers/DEFPRTR2.PPD WIN40/DEFPRTR2.PPD;put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ICONLIB.DLL WIN40/ICONLIB.DLL;put /usr/share/cups/drivers/PSMON.DLL WIN40/PSMON.DLL;'
    added interface ip=10.160.16.45 bcast=10.160.31.255 nmask=255.255.240.0
    added interface ip=192.168.182.1 bcast=192.168.182.255 nmask=255.255.255.0
    added interface ip=172.16.200.1 bcast=172.16.200.255 nmask=255.255.255.0
    Domain=[TUX-NET] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.3a.200204262025cvs]
    NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION making remote directory \WIN40
    putting file /var/spool/cups/tmp/3cd1cc66376c0 as \WIN40/infotec_IS2027.PPD (26091.5 kb/s) (average 26092.8 kb/s)
    putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADFONTS.MFM as \WIN40/ADFONTS.MFM (11241.6 kb/s) (average 11812.9 kb/s)
    putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.DRV as \WIN40/ADOBEPS4.DRV (16640.6 kb/s) (average 14679.3 kb/s)
    putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.HLP as \WIN40/ADOBEPS4.HLP (11285.6 kb/s) (average 14281.5 kb/s)
    putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/DEFPRTR2.PPD as \WIN40/DEFPRTR2.PPD (823.5 kb/s) (average 12944.0 kb/s)
    putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ICONLIB.DLL as \WIN40/ICONLIB.DLL (19226.2 kb/s) (average 13169.7 kb/s)
    putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/PSMON.DLL as \WIN40/PSMON.DLL (18666.1 kb/s) (average 13266.7 kb/s)

    Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret' -c 'adddriver "Windows NT x86" "infotec_IS2027:ADOBEPS5.DLL:infotec_IS2027.PPD:ADOBEPSU.DLL:ADOBEPSU.HLP:NULL:RAW:NULL"'
    cmd = adddriver "Windows NT x86" "infotec_IS2027:ADOBEPS5.DLL:infotec_IS2027.PPD:ADOBEPSU.DLL:ADOBEPSU.HLP:NULL:RAW:NULL"
    Printer Driver infotec_IS2027 successfully installed.

    Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret' -c 'adddriver "Windows 4.0" "infotec_IS2027:ADOBEPS4.DRV:infotec_IS2027.PPD:NULL:ADOBEPS4.HLP:PSMON.DLL:RAW:ADFONTS.MFM,DEFPRTR2.PPD,ICONLIB.DLL"'
    cmd = adddriver "Windows 4.0" "infotec_IS2027:ADOBEPS4.DRV:infotec_IS2027.PPD:NULL:ADOBEPS4.HLP:PSMON.DLL:RAW:ADFONTS.MFM,DEFPRTR2.PPD,ICONLIB.DLL"
    Printer Driver infotec_IS2027 successfully installed.

    Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret' -c 'setdriver infotec_IS2027 infotec_IS2027'
    cmd = setdriver infotec_IS2027 infotec_IS2027
    Succesfully set infotec_IS2027 to driver infotec_IS2027.

    <TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
></PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>If you look closely, you'll discover your root password
was transfered unencrypted over the wire, so beware! Also, if you look
further her, you'll discover error messages like
<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION</TT
> in between. They occur, because
the directories <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>WIN40</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>W32X86</TT
> already
existed in the [print$] driver download share (from a previous driver
installation). They are harmless here.</P
><P
>Now your printer is prepared for the clients to use. From
a client, browse to the CUPS/Samba server, open the "Printers"
share, right-click on this printer and select "Install..." or
"Connect..." (depending on the Windows version you use). Now their
should be a new printer in your client's local "Printers" folder,
named (in my case) "infotec_IS2027 on kdebitshop"</P
><P
><EM
>NOTE: </EM
>
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cupsaddsmb</B
> will only reliably work i
with CUPS version 1.1.15 or higher
and Samba from 2.2.4. If it doesn't work, or if the automatic printer
driver download to the clients doesn't succeed, you can still manually
install the CUPS printer PPD on top of the Adobe PostScript driver on
clients and then point the client's printer queue to the Samba printer
share for connection, should you desire to use the CUPS networked
PostScript RIP functions.</P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="DOMAIN-SECURITY"
>Chapter 8. security = domain in Samba 2.x</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1134"
>8.1. Joining an NT Domain with Samba 2.2</A
></H1
><P
>Assume you have a Samba 2.x server with a NetBIOS name of 
	<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>SERV1</TT
> and are joining an NT domain called
	<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOM</TT
>, which has a PDC with a NetBIOS name
	of <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOMPDC</TT
> and two backup domain controllers 
	with NetBIOS names <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOMBDC1</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOMBDC2
	</TT
>.</P
><P
>In order to join the domain, first stop all Samba daemons 
	and run the command:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>smbpasswd -j DOM -r DOMPDC
	-U<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>Administrator%password</I
></TT
></B
></TT
></P
><P
>as we are joining the domain DOM and the PDC for that domain 
	(the only machine that has write access to the domain SAM database) 
	is DOMPDC. The <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>Administrator%password</I
></TT
> is 
	the login name and password for an account which has the necessary 
	privilege to add machines to the domain.  If this is successful 
	you will see the message:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>smbpasswd: Joined domain DOM.</TT
>
	</P
><P
>in your terminal window. See the <A
HREF="smbpasswd.8.html"
TARGET="_top"
>	smbpasswd(8)</A
> man page for more details.</P
><P
>There is existing development code to join a domain
	without having to create the machine trust account on the PDC
	beforehand.  This code will hopefully be available soon
	in release branches as well.</P
><P
>This command goes through the machine account password 
	change protocol, then writes the new (random) machine account 
	password for this Samba server into a file in the same directory 
	in which an smbpasswd file would be stored - normally :</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba/private</TT
></P
><P
>In Samba 2.0.x, the filename looks like this:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>&#60;NT DOMAIN NAME&#62;</I
></TT
>.<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>&#60;Samba 
	Server Name&#62;</I
></TT
>.mac</TT
></P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>.mac</TT
> suffix stands for machine account 
	password file. So in our example above, the file would be called:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>DOM.SERV1.mac</TT
></P
><P
>In Samba 2.2, this file has been replaced with a TDB 
	(Trivial Database) file named <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>secrets.tdb</TT
>.
	</P
><P
>This file is created and owned by root and is not 
	readable by any other user. It is the key to the domain-level 
	security for your system, and should be treated as carefully 
	as a shadow password file.</P
><P
>Now, before restarting the Samba daemons you must 
	edit your <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf(5)</TT
>
	</A
> file to tell Samba it should now use domain security.</P
><P
>Change (or add) your <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITY"
TARGET="_top"
>	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>security =</I
></TT
></A
> line in the [global] section 
	of your smb.conf to read:</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>security = domain</B
></P
><P
>Next change the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WORKGROUP"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>	workgroup =</I
></TT
></A
> line in the [global] section to read: </P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>workgroup = DOM</B
></P
><P
>as this is the name of the domain we are joining. </P
><P
>You must also have the parameter <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS"
TARGET="_top"
>	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>encrypt passwords</I
></TT
></A
> set to <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>yes
	</TT
> in order for your users to authenticate to the NT PDC.</P
><P
>Finally, add (or modify) a <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PASSWORDSERVER"
TARGET="_top"
>	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>password server =</I
></TT
></A
> line in the [global]
	section to read: </P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>password server = DOMPDC DOMBDC1 DOMBDC2</B
></P
><P
>These are the primary and backup domain controllers Samba 
	will attempt to contact in order to authenticate users. Samba will 
	try to contact each of these servers in order, so you may want to 
	rearrange this list in order to spread out the authentication load 
	among domain controllers.</P
><P
>Alternatively, if you want smbd to automatically determine 
	the list of Domain controllers to use for authentication, you may 
	set this line to be :</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>password server = *</B
></P
><P
>This method, which was introduced in Samba 2.0.6, 
	allows Samba to use exactly the same mechanism that NT does. This 
	method either broadcasts or uses a WINS database in order to
	find domain controllers to authenticate against.</P
><P
>Finally, restart your Samba daemons and get ready for 
	clients to begin using domain security!</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1198"
>8.2. Samba and Windows 2000 Domains</A
></H1
><P
>Many people have asked regarding the state of Samba's ability to participate in
a Windows 2000 Domain.  Samba 2.2 is able to act as a member server of a Windows
2000 domain operating in mixed or native mode.</P
><P
>There is much confusion between the circumstances that require a "mixed" mode
Win2k DC and a when this host can be switched to "native" mode.  A "mixed" mode
Win2k domain controller is only needed if Windows NT BDCs must exist in the same
domain.  By default, a Win2k DC in "native" mode will still support
NetBIOS and NTLMv1 for authentication of legacy clients such as Windows 9x and 
NT 4.0.  Samba has the same requirements as a Windows NT 4.0 member server.</P
><P
>The steps for adding a Samba 2.2 host to a Win2k domain are the same as those
for adding a Samba server to a Windows NT 4.0 domain. The only exception is that 
the "Server Manager" from NT 4 has been replaced by the "Active Directory Users and 
Computers" MMC (Microsoft Management Console) plugin.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1203"
>8.3. Why is this better than security = server?</A
></H1
><P
>Currently, domain security in Samba doesn't free you from 
	having to create local Unix users to represent the users attaching 
	to your server. This means that if domain user <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOM\fred
	</TT
> attaches to your domain security Samba server, there needs 
	to be a local Unix user fred to represent that user in the Unix 
	filesystem. This is very similar to the older Samba security mode 
	<A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYEQUALSSERVER"
TARGET="_top"
>security = server</A
>, 
	where Samba would pass through the authentication request to a Windows 
	NT server in the same way as a Windows 95 or Windows 98 server would.
	</P
><P
>Please refer to the <A
HREF="winbind.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Winbind 
	paper</A
> for information on a system to automatically
	assign UNIX uids and gids to Windows NT Domain users and groups.
	This code is available in development branches only at the moment,
	but will be moved to release branches soon.</P
><P
>The advantage to domain-level security is that the 
	authentication in domain-level security is passed down the authenticated 
	RPC channel in exactly the same way that an NT server would do it. This 
	means Samba servers now participate in domain trust relationships in 
	exactly the same way NT servers do (i.e., you can add Samba servers into 
	a resource domain and have the authentication passed on from a resource
	domain PDC to an account domain PDC.</P
><P
>In addition, with <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>security = server</B
> every Samba 
	daemon on a server has to keep a connection open to the 
	authenticating server for as long as that daemon lasts. This can drain 
	the connection resources on a Microsoft NT server and cause it to run 
	out of available connections. With <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>security = domain</B
>, 
	however, the Samba daemons connect to the PDC/BDC only for as long 
	as is necessary to authenticate the user, and then drop the connection, 
	thus conserving PDC connection resources.</P
><P
>And finally, acting in the same manner as an NT server 
	authenticating to a PDC means that as part of the authentication 
	reply, the Samba server gets the user identification information such 
	as the user SID, the list of NT groups the user belongs to, etc. All 
	this information will allow Samba to be extended in the future into 
	a mode the developers currently call appliance mode. In this mode, 
	no local Unix users will be necessary, and Samba will generate Unix 
	uids and gids from the information passed back from the PDC when a 
	user is authenticated, making a Samba server truly plug and play 
	in an NT domain environment. Watch for this code soon.</P
><P
><EM
>NOTE:</EM
> Much of the text of this document 
	was first published in the Web magazine <A
HREF="http://www.linuxworld.com"
TARGET="_top"
> 	
	LinuxWorld</A
> as the article <A
HREF="http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-1998-10/lw-10-samba.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Doing 
	the NIS/NT Samba</A
>.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="SAMBA-PDC"
>Chapter 9. How to Configure Samba 2.2 as a Primary Domain Controller</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1236"
>9.1. Prerequisite Reading</A
></H1
><P
>Before you continue reading in this chapter, please make sure 
that you are comfortable with configuring basic files services
in smb.conf and how to enable and administer password 
encryption in Samba.  Theses two topics are covered in the
<A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf(5)</TT
></A
> 
manpage and the <A
HREF="ENCRYPTION.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Encryption chapter</A
> 
of this HOWTO Collection.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1242"
>9.2. Background</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
><EM
>Author's Note:</EM
> This document is a combination 
of David Bannon's "Samba 2.2 PDC HOWTO" and "Samba NT Domain FAQ". 
Both documents are superseded by this one.</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
>Versions of Samba prior to release 2.2 had marginal capabilities to act
as a Windows NT 4.0 Primary Domain Controller

(PDC).  With Samba 2.2.0, we are proud to announce official support for
Windows NT 4.0-style domain logons from Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 
2000 clients.  This article outlines the steps
necessary for configuring Samba as a PDC.  It is necessary to have a
working Samba server prior to implementing the PDC functionality.  If
you have not followed the steps outlined in <A
HREF="UNIX_INSTALL.html"
TARGET="_top"
> UNIX_INSTALL.html</A
>, please make sure
that your server is configured correctly before proceeding.  Another
good resource in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
>smb.conf(5) man
page</A
>. The following functionality should work in 2.2:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	domain logons for Windows NT 4.0/2000 clients.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	placing a Windows 9x client in user level security
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	retrieving a list of users and groups from a Samba PDC to
	Windows 9x/NT/2000 clients
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	roving (roaming) user profiles
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Windows NT 4.0-style system policies
	</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>The following pieces of functionality are not included in the 2.2 release:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	Windows NT 4 domain trusts
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	SAM replication with Windows NT 4.0 Domain Controllers
	(i.e. a Samba PDC and a Windows NT BDC or vice versa) 
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Adding users via the User Manager for Domains
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Acting as a Windows 2000 Domain Controller (i.e. Kerberos and 
	Active Directory)
	</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Please note that Windows 9x clients are not true members of a domain
for reasons outlined in this article.  Therefore the protocol for
support Windows 9x-style domain logons is completely different
from NT4 domain logons and has been officially supported for some 
time.</P
><P
>Implementing a Samba PDC can basically be divided into 2 broad
steps.</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>	Configuring the Samba PDC
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Creating machine trust accounts	and joining clients 
	to the domain
	</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>There are other minor details such as user profiles, system
policies, etc...  However, these are not necessarily specific
to a Samba PDC as much as they are related to Windows NT networking
concepts.  They will be mentioned only briefly here.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1281"
>9.3. Configuring the Samba Domain Controller</A
></H1
><P
>The first step in creating a working Samba PDC is to 
understand the parameters necessary in smb.conf.  I will not
attempt to re-explain the parameters here as they are more that
adequately covered in <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
> the smb.conf
man page</A
>.  For convenience, the parameters have been
linked with the actual smb.conf description.</P
><P
>Here is an example <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> for acting as a PDC:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[global]
    ; Basic server settings
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#NETBIOSNAME"
TARGET="_top"
>netbios name</A
> = <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>POGO</I
></TT
>
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WORKGROUP"
TARGET="_top"
>workgroup</A
> = <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>NARNIA</I
></TT
>

    ; we should act as the domain and local master browser
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#OSLEVEL"
TARGET="_top"
>os level</A
> = 64
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PERFERREDMASTER"
TARGET="_top"
>preferred master</A
> = yes
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINMASTER"
TARGET="_top"
>domain master</A
> = yes
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOCALMASTER"
TARGET="_top"
>local master</A
> = yes
    
    ; security settings (must user security = user)
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYEQUALSUSER"
TARGET="_top"
>security</A
> = user
    
    ; encrypted passwords are a requirement for a PDC
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS"
TARGET="_top"
>encrypt passwords</A
> = yes
    
    ; support domain logons
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINLOGONS"
TARGET="_top"
>domain logons</A
> = yes
    
    ; where to store user profiles?
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONPATH"
TARGET="_top"
>logon path</A
> = \\%N\profiles\%u
    
    ; where is a user's home directory and where should it
    ; be mounted at?
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONDRIVE"
TARGET="_top"
>logon drive</A
> = H:
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONHOME"
TARGET="_top"
>logon home</A
> = \\homeserver\%u
    
    ; specify a generic logon script for all users
    ; this is a relative **DOS** path to the [netlogon] share
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONSCRIPT"
TARGET="_top"
>logon script</A
> = logon.cmd

; necessary share for domain controller
[netlogon]
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PATH"
TARGET="_top"
>path</A
> = /usr/local/samba/lib/netlogon
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#READONLY"
TARGET="_top"
>read only</A
> = yes
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#WRITELIST"
TARGET="_top"
>write list</A
> = <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>ntadmin</I
></TT
>
    
; share for storing user profiles
[profiles]
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#PATH"
TARGET="_top"
>path</A
> = /export/smb/ntprofile
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#READONLY"
TARGET="_top"
>read only</A
> = no
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#CREATEMASK"
TARGET="_top"
>create mask</A
> = 0600
    <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DIRECTORYMASK"
TARGET="_top"
>directory mask</A
> = 0700</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>There are a couple of points to emphasize in the above configuration.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	Encrypted passwords must be enabled.  For more details on how 
	to do this, refer to <A
HREF="ENCRYPTION.html"
TARGET="_top"
>ENCRYPTION.html</A
>.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The server must support domain logons and a
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>[netlogon]</TT
> share
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The server must be the domain master browser in order for Windows 
	client to locate the server as a DC.  Please refer to the various 
	Network Browsing documentation included with this distribution for 
	details.
	</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>As Samba 2.2 does not offer a complete implementation of group mapping
between Windows NT groups and Unix groups (this is really quite
complicated to explain in a short space), you should refer to the
<A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINADMINGROUP"
TARGET="_top"
>domain admin
group</A
> smb.conf parameter for information of creating "Domain
Admins" style accounts.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1324"
>9.4. Creating Machine Trust Accounts and Joining Clients to the
Domain</A
></H1
><P
>A machine trust account is a Samba account that is used to
authenticate a client machine (rather than a user) to the Samba
server.  In Windows terminology, this is known as a "Computer
Account."</P
><P
>The password of a machine trust account acts as the shared secret for
secure communication with the Domain Controller.  This is a security
feature to prevent an unauthorized machine with the same NetBIOS name
from joining the domain and gaining access to domain user/group
accounts.  Windows NT and 2000 clients use machine trust accounts, but
Windows 9x clients do not.  Hence, a Windows 9x client is never a true
member of a domain because it does not possess a machine trust
account, and thus has no shared secret with the domain controller.</P
><P
>A Windows PDC stores each machine trust account in the Windows
Registry.  A Samba PDC, however, stores each machine trust account 
in two parts, as follows:

<P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>A Samba account, stored in the same location as user
    LanMan and NT password hashes (currently
    <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smbpasswd</TT
>). The Samba account 
    possesses and uses only the NT password hash.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>A corresponding Unix account, typically stored in
    <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
>. (Future releases will alleviate the need to
    create <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> entries.) </P
></LI
></UL
></P
><P
>There are two ways to create machine trust accounts:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
> Manual creation. Both the Samba and corresponding
	Unix account are created by hand.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> "On-the-fly" creation. The Samba machine trust
	account is automatically created by Samba at the time the client
	is joined to the domain. (For security, this is the
	recommended method.) The corresponding Unix account may be
	created automatically or manually. </P
></LI
></UL
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1343"
>9.4.1. Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</A
></H2
><P
>The first step in manually creating a machine trust account is to
manually create the corresponding Unix account in
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
>.  This can be done using
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>vipw</B
> or other 'add user' command that is normally
used to create new Unix accounts.  The following is an example for a
Linux based Samba server:</P
><P
>  <TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>/usr/sbin/useradd -g 100 -d /dev/null -c <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>"machine 
nickname"</I
></TT
> -s /bin/false <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>machine_name</I
></TT
>$ </B
></P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>passwd -l <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>machine_name</I
></TT
>$</B
></P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> entry will list the machine name 
with a "$" appended, won't have a password, will have a null shell and no 
home directory. For example a machine named 'doppy' would have an 
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> entry like this:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>doppy$:x:505:501:<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>machine_nickname</I
></TT
>:/dev/null:/bin/false</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>Above, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>machine_nickname</I
></TT
> can be any
descriptive name for the client, i.e., BasementComputer.
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>machine_name</I
></TT
> absolutely must be the NetBIOS
name of the client to be joined to the domain.  The "$" must be
appended to the NetBIOS name of the client or Samba will not recognize
this as a machine trust account.</P
><P
>Now that the corresponding Unix account has been created, the next step is to create 
the Samba account for the client containing the well-known initial 
machine trust account password.  This can be done using the <A
HREF="smbpasswd.8.html"
TARGET="_top"
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd(8)</B
></A
> command 
as shown here:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd -a -m <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>machine_name</I
></TT
></B
></P
><P
>where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>machine_name</I
></TT
> is the machine's NetBIOS
name.  The RID of the new machine account is generated from the UID of 
the corresponding Unix account.</P
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Join the client to the domain immediately</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>	Manually creating a machine trust account using this method is the 
	equivalent of creating a machine trust account on a Windows NT PDC using 
	the "Server Manager".  From the time at which the account is created
	to the time which the client joins the domain and changes the password,
	your domain is vulnerable to an intruder joining your domain using a
	a machine with the same NetBIOS name.  A PDC inherently trusts
	members of the domain and will serve out a large degree of user 
	information to such clients.  You have been warned!
	</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1378"
>9.4.2. "On-the-Fly" Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</A
></H2
><P
>The second (and recommended) way of creating machine trust accounts is
simply to allow the Samba server to create them as needed when the client
is joined to the domain. </P
><P
>Since each Samba machine trust account requires a corresponding
Unix account, a method for automatically creating the
Unix account is usually supplied; this requires configuration of the
<A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ADDUSERSCRIPT"
TARGET="_top"
>add user script</A
> 
option in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
>.  This
method is not required, however; corresponding Unix accounts may also
be created manually.</P
><P
>Below is an example for a RedHat 6.2 Linux system.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[global]
   # &#60;...remainder of parameters...&#62;
   add user script = /usr/sbin/useradd -d /dev/null -g 100 -s /bin/false -M %u </PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1387"
>9.4.3. Joining the Client to the Domain</A
></H2
><P
>The procedure for joining a client to the domain varies with the
version of Windows.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><EM
>Windows 2000</EM
></P
><P
> When the user elects to join the client to a domain, Windows prompts for
	an account and password that is privileged to join the domain.  A
	Samba administrative account (i.e., a Samba account that has root
	privileges on the Samba server) must be entered here; the
	operation will fail if an ordinary user account is given. 
	The password for this account should be
	set to a different password than the associated
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> entry, for security
	reasons. </P
><P
>The session key of the Samba administrative account acts as an
	encryption key for setting the password of the machine trust
	account. The machine trust account will be created on-the-fly, or
	updated if it already exists.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>Windows NT</EM
></P
><P
> If the machine trust account was created manually, on the
	Identification Changes menu enter the domain name, but do not
	check the box "Create a Computer Account in the Domain."  In this case,
	the existing machine trust account is used to join the machine to
	the domain.</P
><P
> If the machine trust account is to be created
	on-the-fly, on the Identification Changes menu enter the domain
	name, and check the box "Create a Computer Account in the Domain."  In
	this case, joining the domain proceeds as above for Windows 2000
	(i.e., you must supply a Samba administrative account when
	prompted).</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1402"
>9.5. Common Problems and Errors</A
></H1
><P
></P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>I cannot include a '$' in a machine name.</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	A 'machine name' in (typically) <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> 	
	of the machine name with a '$' appended. FreeBSD (and other BSD 
	systems?) won't create a user with a '$' in their name.
	</P
><P
>	The problem is only in the program used to make the entry, once 
	made, it works perfectly. So create a user without the '$' and 
	use <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>vipw</B
> to edit the entry, adding the '$'. Or create 
	the whole entry with vipw if you like, make sure you use a 
	unique User ID !
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>I get told "You already have a connection to the Domain...." 
	or "Cannot join domain, the credentials supplied conflict with an 
	existing set.." when creating a machine trust account.</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	This happens if you try to create a machine trust account from the 
	machine itself and already have a connection (e.g. mapped drive) 
	to a share (or IPC$) on the Samba PDC.  The following command
	will remove all network drive connections:
	</P
><P
>	<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINNT\&#62;</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>net use * /d</B
>
	</P
><P
>	Further, if the machine is a already a 'member of a workgroup' that 
	is the same name as the domain you are joining (bad idea) you will 
	get this message.  Change the workgroup name to something else, it 
	does not matter what, reboot, and try again.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>The system can not log you on (C000019B)....</EM
>
	</P
><P
>I joined the domain successfully but after upgrading 
	to a newer version of the Samba code I get the message, "The system 
	can not log you on (C000019B), Please try a gain or consult your 
	system administrator" when attempting to logon.
	</P
><P
>	This occurs when the domain SID stored in 
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>private/WORKGROUP.SID</TT
> is 
	changed.  For example, you remove the file and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
> automatically 
	creates a new one.  Or you are swapping back and forth between 
	versions 2.0.7, TNG and the HEAD branch code (not recommended).  The 
	only way to correct the problem is to restore the original domain 
	SID or remove the domain client from the domain and rejoin.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>The machine trust account for this computer either does not 
	exist or is not accessible.</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	When I try to join the domain I get the message "The machine account 
	for this computer either does not exist or is not accessible". What's 
	wrong?
	</P
><P
>	This problem is caused by the PDC not having a suitable machine trust account. 
	If you are using the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>add user script</I
></TT
> method to create 
	accounts then this would indicate that it has not worked. Ensure the domain 
	admin user system is working.
	</P
><P
>	Alternatively if you are creating account entries manually then they 
	have not been created correctly. Make sure that you have the entry 
	correct for the machine trust account in smbpasswd file on the Samba PDC. 
	If you added the account using an editor rather than using the smbpasswd 
	utility, make sure that the account name is the machine NetBIOS name 
	with a '$' appended to it ( i.e. computer_name$ ). There must be an entry 
	in both /etc/passwd and the smbpasswd file. Some people have reported 
	that inconsistent subnet masks between the Samba server and the NT 
	client have caused this problem.   Make sure that these are consistent 
	for both client and server.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>When I attempt to login to a Samba Domain from a NT4/W2K workstation,
	I get a message about my account being disabled.</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	This problem is caused by a PAM related bug in Samba 2.2.0.  This bug is 
	fixed in 2.2.1.  Other symptoms could be unaccessible shares on 
	NT/W2K member servers in the domain or the following error in your smbd.log:
	passdb/pampass.c:pam_account(268) PAM: UNKNOWN ERROR for User: %user%
	</P
><P
>	At first be ensure to enable the useraccounts with <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd -e 
	%user%</B
>, this is normally done, when you create an account.
	</P
><P
>	In order to work around this problem in 2.2.0, configure the 
	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>account</I
></TT
> control flag in 
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d/samba</TT
> file as follows:
	</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="90%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	account required        pam_permit.so
	</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>	If you want to remain backward compatibility to samba 2.0.x use
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_permit.so</TT
>, it's also possible to use 
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_pwdb.so</TT
>. There are some bugs if you try to 
	use <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_unix.so</TT
>, if you need this, be ensure to use
	the most recent version of this file.
	</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1450"
>9.6. System Policies and Profiles</A
></H1
><P
>Much of the information necessary to implement System Policies and
Roving User Profiles in a Samba domain is the same as that for 
implementing these same items in a Windows NT 4.0 domain. 
You should read the white paper <A
HREF="http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/management/deployment/planguide/prof_policies.asp"
TARGET="_top"
>Implementing
Profiles and Policies in Windows NT 4.0</A
> available from Microsoft.</P
><P
>Here are some additional details:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>What about Windows NT Policy Editor?</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	To create or edit <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>ntconfig.pol</TT
> you must use 
	the NT Server Policy Editor, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>poledit.exe</B
>	which 
	is included with NT Server but <EM
>not NT Workstation</EM
>. 
	There is a Policy Editor on a NTws 
	but it is not suitable for creating <EM
>Domain Policies</EM
>. 
	Further, although the Windows 95 
	Policy Editor can be installed on an NT Workstation/Server, it will not
	work with NT policies because the registry key that are set by the policy templates. 
	However, the files from the NT Server will run happily enough on an NTws. 	
	You need <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>poledit.exe, common.adm</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>winnt.adm</TT
>. It is convenient
	to put the two *.adm files in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>c:\winnt\inf</TT
> which is where
	the binary will look for them unless told otherwise. Note also that that 
	directory is 'hidden'.
	</P
><P
>	The Windows NT policy editor is also included with the Service Pack 3 (and 
	later) for Windows NT 4.0. Extract the files using <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>servicepackname /x</B
>, 
	i.e. that's <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Nt4sp6ai.exe /x</B
> for service pack 6a.  The policy editor, 
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>poledit.exe</B
> and the associated template files (*.adm) should
	be extracted as well.  It is also possible to downloaded the policy template 
	files for Office97 and get a copy of the policy editor.  Another possible 
	location is with the Zero Administration Kit available for download from Microsoft.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>Can Win95 do Policies?</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	Install the group policy handler for Win9x to pick up group 
	policies.   Look on the Win98 CD in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>\tools\reskit\netadmin\poledit</TT
>. 
	Install group policies on a Win9x client by double-clicking 
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>grouppol.inf</TT
>. Log off and on again a couple of 
	times and see if Win98 picks up group policies.  Unfortunately this needs 
	to be done on every Win9x machine that uses group policies....
	</P
><P
>	If group policies don't work one reports suggests getting the updated 
	(read: working) grouppol.dll for Windows 9x. The group list is grabbed 
	from /etc/group.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>How do I get 'User Manager' and 'Server Manager'</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	Since I don't need to buy an NT Server CD now, how do I get 
	the 'User Manager for Domains', the 'Server Manager'?
	</P
><P
>	Microsoft distributes a version of these tools called nexus for 
	installation on Windows 95 systems.  The tools set includes
	</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Server Manager</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>User Manager for Domains</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Event Viewer</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>	Click here to download the archived file <A
HREF="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/NEXUS.EXE"
TARGET="_top"
>ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/NEXUS.EXE</A
>
	</P
><P
>	The Windows NT 4.0 version of the 'User Manager for 
	Domains' and 'Server Manager' are available from Microsoft via ftp 
	from <A
HREF="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SRVTOOLS.EXE"
TARGET="_top"
>ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SRVTOOLS.EXE</A
>
	</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1494"
>9.7. What other help can I get?</A
></H1
><P
>There are many sources of information available in the form 
of mailing lists, RFC's and documentation.  The docs that come 
with the samba distribution contain very good explanations of 
general SMB topics such as browsing.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>What are some diagnostics tools I can use to debug the domain logon 
	process and where can I	find them?</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	One of the best diagnostic tools for debugging problems is Samba itself.  
	You can use the -d option for both smbd and nmbd to specify what 
	'debug level' at which to run.  See the man pages on smbd, nmbd  and 
	smb.conf for more information on debugging options.  The debug 
	level can range from 1 (the default) to 10 (100 for debugging passwords).
	</P
><P
>	Another helpful method of debugging is to compile samba using the 
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>gcc -g </B
> flag.   This will include debug 
	information in the binaries and allow you to attach gdb to the 
	running smbd / nmbd process.  In order to attach gdb to an smbd 
	process for an NT workstation, first get the workstation to make the 
	connection. Pressing ctrl-alt-delete and going down to the domain box 
	is sufficient (at least, on the first time you join the domain) to 
	generate a 'LsaEnumTrustedDomains'. Thereafter, the workstation 
	maintains an open connection, and therefore there will be an smbd 
	process running (assuming that you haven't set a really short smbd 
	idle timeout)  So, in between pressing ctrl alt delete, and actually 
	typing in your password, you can gdb attach and continue.
	</P
><P
>	Some useful samba commands worth investigating:
	</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>testparam | more</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>smbclient -L //{netbios name of server}</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>	An SMB enabled version of tcpdump is available from 
	<A
HREF="http://www.tcpdump.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.tcpdup.org/</A
>.
	Ethereal, another good packet sniffer for Unix and Win32
	hosts, can be downloaded from <A
HREF="http://www.ethereal.com/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.ethereal.com</A
>.
	</P
><P
>	For tracing things on the Microsoft Windows NT, Network Monitor 
	(aka. netmon) is available on the Microsoft Developer Network CD's, 
	the Windows NT Server install CD and the SMS CD's.  The version of 
	netmon that ships with SMS allows for dumping packets between any two 
	computers (i.e. placing the network interface in promiscuous mode).  
	The version on the NT Server install CD will only allow monitoring 
	of network traffic directed to the local NT box and broadcasts on the 
	local subnet.  Be aware that Ethereal can read and write netmon 
	formatted files.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>How do I install 'Network Monitor' on an NT Workstation 
	or a Windows 9x box?</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	Installing netmon on an NT workstation requires a couple 
	of steps.  The following are for installing Netmon V4.00.349, which comes 
	with Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0, on Microsoft Windows NT 
	Workstation 4.0.  The process should be similar for other version of 
	Windows NT / Netmon.  You will need both the Microsoft Windows 
	NT Server 4.0 Install CD and the Workstation 4.0 Install CD.
	</P
><P
>	Initially you will need to install 'Network Monitor Tools and Agent' 
	on the NT Server.  To do this 
	</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Goto Start - Settings - Control Panel - 
		Network - Services - Add </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Select the 'Network Monitor Tools and Agent' and 
		click on 'OK'.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Click 'OK' on the Network Control Panel.
		</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Insert the Windows NT Server 4.0 install CD 
		when prompted.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>	At this point the Netmon files should exist in 
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.*</TT
>.    
	Two subdirectories exist as well, <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>parsers\</TT
> 
	which contains the necessary DLL's for parsing the netmon packet 
	dump, and <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>captures\</TT
>.
	</P
><P
>	In order to install the Netmon tools on an NT Workstation, you will 
	first need to install the 'Network  Monitor Agent' from the Workstation 
	install CD.
	</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Goto Start - Settings - Control Panel - 
		Network - Services - Add</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Select the 'Network Monitor Agent' and click 
		on 'OK'.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Click 'OK' on the Network Control Panel.
		</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Insert the Windows NT Workstation 4.0 install 
		CD when prompted.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>	Now copy the files from the NT Server in %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.* 
	to %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.* on the Workstation and set 
	permissions as  you deem appropriate for your site. You will need 
	administrative rights on the NT box to run netmon.
	</P
><P
>	To install Netmon on a Windows 9x box install the network monitor agent 
	from the Windows 9x CD (\admin\nettools\netmon).  There is a readme 
	file located with the netmon driver files on the CD if you need 
	information on how to do this.  Copy the files from a working 
	Netmon installation.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The following is a list if helpful URLs and other links:
	</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Home of Samba site <A
HREF="http://samba.org"
TARGET="_top"
>        http://samba.org</A
>. We have a mirror near you !</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> The <EM
>Development</EM
> document 
	on the Samba mirrors might mention your problem. If so,
	it might mean that the developers are working on it.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>See how Scott Merrill simulates a BDC behavior at 
        <A
HREF="http://www.skippy.net/linux/smb-howto.html"
TARGET="_top"
>        http://www.skippy.net/linux/smb-howto.html</A
>. </P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Although 2.0.7 has almost had its day as a PDC, David Bannon will
        keep the 2.0.7 PDC pages at <A
HREF="http://bioserve.latrobe.edu.au/samba"
TARGET="_top"
>        http://bioserve.latrobe.edu.au/samba</A
> going for a while yet.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Misc links to CIFS information 
        <A
HREF="http://samba.org/cifs/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://samba.org/cifs/</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>NT Domains for Unix <A
HREF="http://mailhost.cb1.com/~lkcl/ntdom/"
TARGET="_top"
>        http://mailhost.cb1.com/~lkcl/ntdom/</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>FTP site for older SMB specs: 
        <A
HREF="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/"
TARGET="_top"
>        ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/</A
></P
></LI
></UL
></LI
></UL
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>How do I get help from the mailing lists?</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	There are a number of Samba related mailing lists. Go to <A
HREF="http://samba.org"
TARGET="_top"
>http://samba.org</A
>, click on your nearest mirror
	and then click on <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Support</B
> and then click on <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>	Samba related mailing lists</B
>.
	</P
><P
>	For questions relating to Samba TNG go to
	<A
HREF="http://www.samba-tng.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.samba-tng.org/</A
> 
	It has been requested that you don't post questions about Samba-TNG to the
	main stream Samba lists.</P
><P
>	If you post a message to one of the lists please observe the following guide lines :
	</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
> Always remember that the developers are volunteers, they are 
		not paid and they never guarantee to produce a particular feature at 
		a particular time. Any time lines are 'best guess' and nothing more.
		</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Always mention what version of samba you are using and what 
		operating system its running under. You should probably list the
        relevant sections of your smb.conf file, at least the options 
        in [global] that affect PDC support.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>In addition to the version, if you obtained Samba via
        CVS mention the date when you last checked it out.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Try and make your question clear and brief, lots of long, 
		convoluted questions get deleted before	they are completely read ! 
		Don't post html encoded messages (if you can select colour or font 
		size its html).</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> If you run one of those nifty 'I'm on holidays' things when 
		you are away, make sure its configured	to not answer mailing lists.
		</P
></LI
><LI
><P
> Don't cross post. Work out which is the best list to post to 
		and see what happens, i.e. don't post to both samba-ntdom and samba-technical.
        Many people active on the lists subscribe to more 
		than one list and get annoyed to see the same message two or more times. 
		Often someone will see a message and thinking it would be better dealt 
		with on another, will forward it on for you.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>You might include <EM
>partial</EM
>
        log files written at a debug level set to as much as 20.  
        Please don't send the entire log but enough to give the context of the 
        error messages.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>(Possibly) If you have a complete netmon trace ( from the opening of 
        the pipe to the error ) you can send the *.CAP file as well.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Please think carefully before attaching a document to an email.
        Consider pasting the relevant parts into the body of the message. The samba
        mailing lists go to a huge number of people, do they all need a copy of your 
        smb.conf in their attach directory?</P
></LI
></UL
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>How do I get off the mailing lists?</EM
>
	</P
><P
>To have your name removed from a samba mailing list, go to the
	same place you went to to get on it. Go to <A
HREF="http://lists.samba.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://lists.samba.org</A
>, 
	click on your nearest mirror and then click on <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>Support</B
> and 
	then click on <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
> Samba related mailing lists</B
>. Or perhaps see 
	<A
HREF="http://lists.samba.org/mailman/roster/samba-ntdom"
TARGET="_top"
>here</A
>
	</P
><P
>	Please don't post messages to the list asking to be removed, you will just
	be referred to the above address (unless that process failed in some way...)
	</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1608"
>9.8. Domain Control for Windows 9x/ME</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>The following section contains much of the original 
DOMAIN.txt file previously included with Samba.  Much of 
the material is based on what went into the book <EM
>Special 
Edition, Using Samba</EM
>, by Richard Sharpe.</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
>A domain and a workgroup are exactly the same thing in terms of network
browsing.  The difference is that a distributable authentication
database is associated with a domain, for secure login access to a
network.  Also, different access rights can be granted to users if they
successfully authenticate against a domain logon server (NT server and 
other systems based on NT server support this, as does at least Samba TNG now).</P
><P
>The SMB client logging on to a domain has an expectation that every other
server in the domain should accept the same authentication information.
Network browsing functionality of domains and workgroups is
identical and is explained in BROWSING.txt. It should be noted, that browsing
is totally orthogonal to logon support.</P
><P
>Issues related to the single-logon network model are discussed in this
section.  Samba supports domain logons, network logon scripts, and user
profiles for MS Windows for workgroups and MS Windows 9X/ME clients
which will be the focus of this section.</P
><P
>When an SMB client in a domain wishes to logon it broadcast requests for a
logon server.  The first one to reply gets the job, and validates its
password using whatever mechanism the Samba administrator has installed.
It is possible (but very stupid) to create a domain where the user
database is not shared between servers, i.e. they are effectively workgroup
servers advertising themselves as participating in a domain.  This
demonstrates how authentication is quite different from but closely
involved with domains.</P
><P
>Using these features you can make your clients verify their logon via
the Samba server; make clients run a batch file when they logon to
the network and download their preferences, desktop and start menu.</P
><P
>Before launching into the configuration instructions, it is 
worthwhile lookingat how a Windows 9x/ME client performs a logon:</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>	The client broadcasts (to the IP broadcast address of the subnet it is in)
	a NetLogon request. This is sent to the NetBIOS name DOMAIN&#60;1c&#62; at the
	NetBIOS layer.  The client chooses the first response it receives, which
	contains the NetBIOS name of the logon server to use in the format of 
	\\SERVER.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The client then connects to that server, logs on (does an SMBsessetupX) and
	then connects to the IPC$ share (using an SMBtconX).
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The client then does a NetWkstaUserLogon request, which retrieves the name
	of the user's logon script. 
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The client then connects to the NetLogon share and searches for this 	
	and if it is found and can be read, is retrieved and executed by the client.
	After this, the client disconnects from the NetLogon share.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The client then sends a NetUserGetInfo request to the server, to retrieve
	the user's home share, which is used to search for profiles. Since the
	response to the NetUserGetInfo request does not contain much more 	
	the user's home share, profiles for Win9X clients MUST reside in the user
	home directory.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The client then connects to the user's home share and searches for the 
	user's profile. As it turns out, you can specify the user's home share as
	a sharename and path. For example, \\server\fred\.profile.
	If the profiles are found, they are implemented.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The client then disconnects from the user's home share, and reconnects to
	the NetLogon share and looks for CONFIG.POL, the policies file. If this is
	found, it is read and implemented.
	</P
></LI
></OL
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1634"
>9.8.1. Configuration Instructions:	Network Logons</A
></H2
><P
>The main difference between a PDC and a Windows 9x logon 
server configuration is that</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Password encryption is not required for a Windows 9x logon server.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Windows 9x/ME clients do not possess machine trust accounts.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Therefore, a Samba PDC will also act as a Windows 9x logon 
server.</P
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>security mode and master browsers</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>There are a few comments to make in order to tie up some 
loose ends.  There has been much debate over the issue of whether
or not it is ok to configure Samba as a Domain Controller in security
modes other than <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>USER</TT
>.  The only security mode 
which  will not work due to technical reasons is <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>SHARE</TT
>
mode security.  <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>DOMAIN</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>SERVER</TT
>
mode security is really just a variation on SMB user level security.</P
><P
>Actually, this issue is also closely tied to the debate on whether 
or not Samba must be the domain master browser for its workgroup
when operating as a DC.  While it may technically be possible
to configure a server as such (after all, browsing and domain logons
are two distinctly different functions), it is not a good idea to
so.  You should remember that the DC must register the DOMAIN#1b NetBIOS 
name.  This is the name used by Windows clients to locate the DC.
Windows clients do not distinguish between the DC and the DMB.
For this reason, it is very wise to configure the Samba DC as the DMB.</P
><P
>Now back to the issue of configuring a Samba DC to use a mode other
than "security = user".  If a Samba host is configured to use 
another SMB server or DC in order to validate user connection 
requests, then it is a fact that some other machine on the network 
(the "password server") knows more about user than the Samba host.
99% of the time, this other host is a domain controller.  Now 
in order to operate in domain mode security, the "workgroup" parameter
must be set to the name of the Windows NT domain (which already 
has a domain controller, right?)</P
><P
>Therefore configuring a Samba box as a DC for a domain that 
already by definition has a PDC is asking for trouble.
Therefore, you should always configure the Samba DC to be the DMB
for its domain.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1653"
>9.8.2. Configuration Instructions:	Setting up Roaming User Profiles</A
></H2
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Warning</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
><EM
>NOTE!</EM
> Roaming profiles support is different 
for Win9X and WinNT.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>Before discussing how to configure roaming profiles, it is useful to see how
Win9X and WinNT clients implement these features.</P
><P
>Win9X clients send a NetUserGetInfo request to the server to get the user's
profiles location. However, the response does not have room for a separate 
profiles location field, only the user's home share. This means that Win9X 
profiles are restricted to being in the user's home directory.</P
><P
>WinNT clients send a NetSAMLogon RPC request, which contains many fields, 
including a separate field for the location of the user's profiles. 
This means that support for profiles is different for Win9X and WinNT.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN1661"
>9.8.2.1. Windows NT Configuration</A
></H3
><P
>To support WinNT clients, in the [global] section of smb.conf set the
following (for example):</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>logon path = \\profileserver\profileshare\profilepath\%U\moreprofilepath</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The default for this option is \\%N\%U\profile, namely
\\sambaserver\username\profile.  The \\N%\%U service is created
automatically by the [homes] service.
If you are using a samba server for the profiles, you _must_ make the
share specified in the logon path browseable. </P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>[lkcl 26aug96 - we have discovered a problem where Windows clients can
maintain a connection to the [homes] share in between logins.  The
[homes] share must NOT therefore be used in a profile path.]</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN1669"
>9.8.2.2. Windows 9X Configuration</A
></H3
><P
>To support Win9X clients, you must use the "logon home" parameter. Samba has
now been fixed so that "net use/home" now works as well, and it, too, relies
on the "logon home" parameter.</P
><P
>By using the logon home parameter, you are restricted to putting Win9X 
profiles in the user's home directory.   But wait! There is a trick you 
can use. If you set the following in the [global] section of your 
smb.conf file:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>logon home = \\%L\%U\.profiles</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>then your Win9X clients will dutifully put their clients in a subdirectory
of your home directory called .profiles (thus making them hidden).</P
><P
>Not only that, but 'net use/home' will also work, because of a feature in 
Win9X. It removes any directory stuff off the end of the home directory area
and only uses the server and share portion. That is, it looks like you
specified \\%L\%U for "logon home".</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN1677"
>9.8.2.3. Win9X and WinNT Configuration</A
></H3
><P
>You can support profiles for both Win9X and WinNT clients by setting both the
"logon home" and "logon path" parameters. For example:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>logon home = \\%L\%U\.profiles
logon path = \\%L\profiles\%U</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>I have not checked what 'net use /home' does on NT when "logon home" is
set as above.</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN1684"
>9.8.2.4. Windows 9X Profile Setup</A
></H3
><P
>When a user first logs in on Windows 9X, the file user.DAT is created,
as are folders "Start Menu", "Desktop", "Programs" and "Nethood".  
These directories and their contents will be merged with the local
versions stored in c:\windows\profiles\username on subsequent logins,
taking the most recent from each.  You will need to use the [global]
options "preserve case = yes", "short preserve case = yes" and
"case sensitive = no" in order to maintain capital letters in shortcuts
in any of the profile folders.</P
><P
>The user.DAT file contains all the user's preferences.  If you wish to
enforce a set of preferences, rename their user.DAT file to user.MAN,
and deny them write access to this file.</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>	On the Windows 95 machine, go to Control Panel | Passwords and
	select the User Profiles tab.  Select the required level of
	roaming preferences.  Press OK, but do _not_ allow the computer
	to reboot.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	On the Windows 95 machine, go to Control Panel | Network |
	Client for Microsoft Networks | Preferences.  Select 'Log on to
	NT Domain'.  Then, ensure that the Primary Logon is 'Client for
	Microsoft Networks'.  Press OK, and this time allow the computer
	to reboot.
	</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>Under Windows 95, Profiles are downloaded from the Primary Logon.
If you have the Primary Logon as 'Client for Novell Networks', then
the profiles and logon script will be downloaded from your Novell
Server.  If you have the Primary Logon as 'Windows Logon', then the
profiles will be loaded from the local machine - a bit against the
concept of roaming profiles, if you ask me.</P
><P
>You will now find that the Microsoft Networks Login box contains
[user, password, domain] instead of just [user, password].  Type in
the samba server's domain name (or any other domain known to exist,
but bear in mind that the user will be authenticated against this
domain and profiles downloaded from it, if that domain logon server
supports it), user name and user's password.</P
><P
>Once the user has been successfully validated, the Windows 95 machine
will inform you that 'The user has not logged on before' and asks you
if you wish to save the user's preferences?  Select 'yes'.</P
><P
>Once the Windows 95 client comes up with the desktop, you should be able
to examine the contents of the directory specified in the "logon path"
on the samba server and verify that the "Desktop", "Start Menu",
"Programs" and "Nethood" folders have been created.</P
><P
>These folders will be cached locally on the client, and updated when
the user logs off (if you haven't made them read-only by then :-).
You will find that if the user creates further folders or short-cuts,
that the client will merge the profile contents downloaded with the
contents of the profile directory already on the local client, taking
the newest folders and short-cuts from each set.</P
><P
>If you have made the folders / files read-only on the samba server,
then you will get errors from the w95 machine on logon and logout, as
it attempts to merge the local and the remote profile.  Basically, if
you have any errors reported by the w95 machine, check the Unix file
permissions and ownership rights on the profile directory contents,
on the samba server.</P
><P
>If you have problems creating user profiles, you can reset the user's
local desktop cache, as shown below.  When this user then next logs in,
they will be told that they are logging in "for the first time".</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>	instead of logging in under the [user, password, domain] dialog,
	press escape.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	run the regedit.exe program, and look in:
	</P
><P
>	HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Windows\CurrentVersion\ProfileList
	</P
><P
>	you will find an entry, for each user, of ProfilePath.  Note the
	contents of this key (likely to be c:\windows\profiles\username),
	then delete the key ProfilePath for the required user.
	</P
><P
>	[Exit the registry editor].
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>WARNING</EM
> - before deleting the contents of the 
	directory listed in
   the ProfilePath (this is likely to be c:\windows\profiles\username),
   ask them if they have any important files stored on their desktop
   or in their start menu.  delete the contents of the directory
   ProfilePath (making a backup if any of the files are needed).
	</P
><P
>   This will have the effect of removing the local (read-only hidden
   system file) user.DAT in their profile directory, as well as the
   local "desktop", "nethood", "start menu" and "programs" folders.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	search for the user's .PWL password-caching file in the c:\windows
	directory, and delete it.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	log off the windows 95 client.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	check the contents of the profile path (see "logon path" described
	above), and delete the user.DAT or user.MAN file for the user,
	making a backup if required.  
	</P
></LI
></OL
><P
>If all else fails, increase samba's debug log levels to between 3 and 10,
and / or run a packet trace program such as tcpdump or netmon.exe, and
look for any error reports.</P
><P
>If you have access to an NT server, then first set up roaming profiles
and / or netlogons on the NT server.  Make a packet trace, or examine
the example packet traces provided with NT server, and see what the
differences are with the equivalent samba trace.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN1720"
>9.8.2.5. Windows NT Workstation 4.0</A
></H3
><P
>When a user first logs in to a Windows NT Workstation, the profile
NTuser.DAT is created.  The profile location can be now specified
through the "logon path" parameter.  </P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>[lkcl 10aug97 - i tried setting the path to
\\samba-server\homes\profile, and discovered that this fails because
a background process maintains the connection to the [homes] share
which does _not_ close down in between user logins.  you have to
have \\samba-server\%L\profile, where user is the username created
from the [homes] share].</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
>There is a parameter that is now available for use with NT Profiles:
"logon drive".  This should be set to "h:" or any other drive, and
should be used in conjunction with the new "logon home" parameter.</P
><P
>The entry for the NT 4.0 profile is a _directory_ not a file.  The NT
help on profiles mentions that a directory is also created with a .PDS
extension.  The user, while logging in, must have write permission to
create the full profile path (and the folder with the .PDS extension)
[lkcl 10aug97 - i found that the creation of the .PDS directory failed,
and had to create these manually for each user, with a shell script.
also, i presume, but have not tested, that the full profile path must
be browseable just as it is for w95, due to the manner in which they
attempt to create the full profile path: test existence of each path
component; create path component].</P
><P
>In the profile directory, NT creates more folders than 95.  It creates
"Application Data" and others, as well as "Desktop", "Nethood",
"Start Menu" and "Programs".  The profile itself is stored in a file
NTuser.DAT.  Nothing appears to be stored in the .PDS directory, and
its purpose is currently unknown.</P
><P
>You can use the System Control Panel to copy a local profile onto
a samba server (see NT Help on profiles: it is also capable of firing
up the correct location in the System Control Panel for you).  The
NT Help file also mentions that renaming NTuser.DAT to NTuser.MAN
turns a profile into a mandatory one.</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>[lkcl 10aug97 - i notice that NT Workstation tells me that it is
downloading a profile from a slow link.  whether this is actually the
case, or whether there is some configuration issue, as yet unknown,
that makes NT Workstation _think_ that the link is a slow one is a
matter to be resolved].</P
><P
>[lkcl 20aug97 - after samba digest correspondence, one user found, and
another confirmed, that profiles cannot be loaded from a samba server
unless "security = user" and "encrypt passwords = yes" (see the file
ENCRYPTION.txt) or "security = server" and "password server = ip.address.
of.yourNTserver" are used.  Either of these options will allow the NT
workstation to access the samba server using LAN manager encrypted
passwords, without the user intervention normally required by NT
workstation for clear-text passwords].</P
><P
>[lkcl 25aug97 - more comments received about NT profiles: the case of
the profile _matters_.  the file _must_ be called NTuser.DAT or, for
a mandatory profile, NTuser.MAN].</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN1733"
>9.8.2.6. Windows NT Server</A
></H3
><P
>There is nothing to stop you specifying any path that you like for the
location of users' profiles.  Therefore, you could specify that the
profile be stored on a samba server, or any other SMB server, as long as
that SMB server supports encrypted passwords.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN1736"
>9.8.2.7. Sharing Profiles between W95 and NT Workstation 4.0</A
></H3
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Potentially outdated or incorrect material follows</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>I think this is all bogus, but have not deleted it. (Richard Sharpe)</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>The default logon path is \\%N\U%.  NT Workstation will attempt to create
a directory "\\samba-server\username.PDS" if you specify the logon path
as "\\samba-server\username" with the NT User Manager.  Therefore, you
will need to specify (for example) "\\samba-server\username\profile".
NT 4.0 will attempt to create "\\samba-server\username\profile.PDS", which
is more likely to succeed.</P
><P
>If you then want to share the same Start Menu / Desktop with W95, you will
need to specify "logon path = \\samba-server\username\profile" [lkcl 10aug97
this has its drawbacks: i created a shortcut to telnet.exe, which attempts
to run from the c:\winnt\system32 directory.  this directory is obviously
unlikely to exist on a Win95-only host].</P
><P
>&#13;If you have this set up correctly, you will find separate user.DAT and
NTuser.DAT files in the same profile directory.</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
>[lkcl 25aug97 - there are some issues to resolve with downloading of
NT profiles, probably to do with time/date stamps.  i have found that
NTuser.DAT is never updated on the workstation after the first time that
it is copied to the local workstation profile directory.  this is in
contrast to w95, where it _does_ transfer / update profiles correctly].</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1746"
>9.9. DOMAIN_CONTROL.txt : Windows NT Domain Control &#38; Samba</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Possibly Outdated Material</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
>	This appendix was originally authored by John H Terpstra of 
	the Samba Team and is included here for posterity.
	</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
><EM
>NOTE :</EM
> 
The term "Domain Controller" and those related to it refer to one specific
method of authentication that can underly an SMB domain. Domain Controllers
prior to Windows NT Server 3.1 were sold by various companies and based on 
private extensions to the LAN Manager 2.1 protocol. Windows NT introduced
Microsoft-specific ways of distributing the user authentication database.
See DOMAIN.txt for examples of how Samba can participate in or create
SMB domains based on shared authentication database schemes other than the 
Windows NT SAM.</P
><P
>Windows NT Server can be installed as either a plain file and print server
(WORKGROUP workstation or server) or as a server that participates in Domain
Control (DOMAIN member, Primary Domain controller or Backup Domain controller).
The same is true for OS/2 Warp Server, Digital Pathworks and other similar
products, all of which can participate in Domain Control along with Windows NT.</P
><P
>To many people these terms can be confusing, so let's try to clear the air.</P
><P
>Every Windows NT system (workstation or server) has a registry database.
The registry contains entries that describe the initialization information
for all services (the equivalent of Unix Daemons) that run within the Windows
NT environment. The registry also contains entries that tell application
software where to find dynamically loadable libraries that they depend upon.
In fact, the registry contains entries that describes everything that anything
may need to know to interact with the rest of the system.</P
><P
>The registry files can be located on any Windows NT machine by opening a
command prompt and typing:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINNT\&#62;</TT
> dir %SystemRoot%\System32\config</P
><P
>The environment variable %SystemRoot% value can be obtained by typing:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>C:\WINNT&#62;</TT
>echo %SystemRoot%</P
><P
>The active parts of the registry that you may want to be familiar with are
the files called: default, system, software, sam and security.</P
><P
>In a domain environment, Microsoft Windows NT domain controllers participate
in replication of the SAM and SECURITY files so that all controllers within
the domain have an exactly identical copy of each.</P
><P
>The Microsoft Windows NT system is structured within a security model that
says that all applications and services must authenticate themselves before
they can obtain permission from the security manager to do what they set out
to do.</P
><P
>The Windows NT User database also resides within the registry. This part of
the registry contains the user's security identifier, home directory, group
memberships, desktop profile, and so on.</P
><P
>Every Windows NT system (workstation as well as server) will have its own
registry. Windows NT Servers that participate in Domain Security control
have a database that they share in common - thus they do NOT own an
independent full registry database of their own, as do Workstations and
plain Servers.</P
><P
>The User database is called the SAM (Security Access Manager) database and
is used for all user authentication as well as for authentication of inter-
process authentication (i.e. to ensure that the service action a user has
requested is permitted within the limits of that user's privileges).</P
><P
>The Samba team have produced a utility that can dump the Windows NT SAM into 
smbpasswd format: see ENCRYPTION.txt for information on smbpasswd and
/pub/samba/pwdump on your nearest Samba mirror for the utility. This 
facility is useful but cannot be easily used to implement SAM replication
to Samba systems.</P
><P
>Windows for Workgroups, Windows 95, and Windows NT Workstations and Servers
can participate in a Domain security system that is controlled by Windows NT
servers that have been correctly configured. Almost every domain will have
ONE Primary Domain Controller (PDC). It is desirable that each domain will
have at least one Backup Domain Controller (BDC).</P
><P
>The PDC and BDCs then participate in replication of the SAM database so that
each Domain Controlling participant will have an up to date SAM component
within its registry.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="SAMBA-BDC"
>Chapter 10. How to Act as a Backup Domain Controller in a Purely Samba Controlled Domain</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1782"
>10.1. Prerequisite Reading</A
></H1
><P
>Before you continue reading in this chapter, please make sure
that you are comfortable with configuring a Samba PDC
as described in the <A
HREF="Samba-PDC-HOWTO.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Samba-PDC-HOWTO</A
>.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1786"
>10.2. Background</A
></H1
><P
>What is a Domain Controller? It is a machine that is able to answer
logon requests from workstations in a Windows NT Domain. Whenever a
user logs into a Windows NT Workstation, the workstation connects to a
Domain Controller and asks him whether the username and password the
user typed in is correct.  The Domain Controller replies with a lot of
information about the user, for example the place where the users
profile is stored, the users full name of the user. All this
information is stored in the NT user database, the so-called SAM.</P
><P
>There are two kinds of Domain Controller in a NT 4 compatible Domain:
A Primary Domain Controller (PDC) and one or more Backup Domain
Controllers (BDC). The PDC contains the master copy of the
SAM. Whenever the SAM has to change, for example when a user changes
his password, this change has to be done on the PDC. A Backup Domain
Controller is a machine that maintains a read-only copy of the
SAM. This way it is able to reply to logon requests and authenticate
users in case the PDC is not available. During this time no changes to
the SAM are possible. Whenever changes to the SAM are done on the PDC,
all BDC receive the changes from the PDC.</P
><P
>Since version 2.2 Samba officially supports domain logons for all
current Windows Clients, including Windows 2000 and XP. This text
assumes the domain to be named SAMBA. To be able to act as a PDC, some
parameters in the [global]-section of the smb.conf have to be set:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[global]
     workgroup = SAMBA
     domain master = yes
     domain logons = yes
     encrypt passwords = yes
     security = user
     ....</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>Several other things like a [homes] and a [netlogon] share also may be
set along with settings for the profile path, the users home drive and
others. This will not be covered in this document.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1794"
>10.3. What qualifies a Domain Controller on the network?</A
></H1
><P
>Every machine that is a Domain Controller for the domain SAMBA has to
register the NetBIOS group name SAMBA#1c with the WINS server and/or
by broadcast on the local network. The PDC also registers the unique
NetBIOS name SAMBA#1b with the WINS server. The name type #1b is
normally reserved for the domain master browser, a role that has
nothing to do with anything related to authentication, but the
Microsoft Domain implementation requires the domain master browser to
be on the same machine as the PDC.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1797"
>10.3.1. How does a Workstation find its domain controller?</A
></H2
><P
>A NT workstation in the domain SAMBA that wants a local user to be
authenticated has to find the domain controller for SAMBA. It does
this by doing a NetBIOS name query for the group name SAMBA#1c. It
assumes that each of the machines it gets back from the queries is a
domain controller and can answer logon requests. To not open security
holes both the workstation and the selected (TODO: How is the DC
chosen) domain controller authenticate each other. After that the
workstation sends the user's credentials (his name and password) to
the domain controller, asking for approval.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1800"
>10.3.2. When is the PDC needed?</A
></H2
><P
>Whenever a user wants to change his password, this has to be done on
the PDC. To find the PDC, the workstation does a NetBIOS name query
for SAMBA#1b, assuming this machine maintains the master copy of the
SAM. The workstation contacts the PDC, both mutually authenticate and
the password change is done.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1803"
>10.4. Can Samba be a Backup Domain Controller?</A
></H1
><P
>With version 2.2, no. The native NT SAM replication protocols have
not yet been fully implemented. The Samba Team is working on
understanding and implementing the protocols, but this work has not
been finished for version 2.2.</P
><P
>Can I get the benefits of a BDC with Samba?  Yes. The main reason for
implementing a BDC is availability. If the PDC is a Samba machine,
a second Samba machine can be set up to
service logon requests whenever the PDC is down.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1807"
>10.5. How do I set up a Samba BDC?</A
></H1
><P
>Several things have to be done:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	The file <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>private/MACHINE.SID</TT
> identifies the domain. When a samba
	server is first started, it is created on the fly and must never be
	changed again. This file has to be the same on the PDC and the BDC,
	so the MACHINE.SID has to be copied from the PDC to the BDC.  Note that in the
	latest Samba 2.2.x releases, the machine SID (and therefore domain SID) is stored
	in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>private/secrets.tdb</TT
> database.  This file cannot just
	be copied because Samba looks under the key <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>SECRETS/SID/<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>DOMAIN</I
></TT
></TT
>.
	where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>DOMAIN</I
></TT
> is the machine's netbios name.  Since this name has
	to be unique for each SAMBA server, this lookup will fail.  </P
><P
>	A new option has been added to the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd(8)</B
>
	command to help ease this problem.  When running <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd -S</B
> as the root user,
	the domain SID will be retrieved from a domain controller matching the value of the
	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>workgroup</I
></TT
> parameter in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> and stored as the
	new Samba server's machine SID.  See the <A
HREF="smbpasswd.8.html"
TARGET="_top"
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbpasswd(8)</B
></A
>
	man page for more details on this functionality.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The Unix user database has to be synchronized from the PDC to the
	BDC. This means that both the /etc/passwd and /etc/group have to be
	replicated from the PDC to the BDC. This can be done manually
	whenever changes are made, or the PDC is set up as a NIS master
	server and the BDC as a NIS slave server. To set up the BDC as a
	mere NIS client would not be enough, as the BDC would not be able to
	access its user database in case of a PDC failure.  LDAP is also a
	potential vehicle for sharing this information.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	The Samba password database in the file <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>private/smbpasswd</TT
>
	has to be replicated from the PDC to the BDC. This is a bit tricky, see the
	next section.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Any netlogon share has to be replicated from the PDC to the
	BDC. This can be done manually whenever login scripts are changed,
	or it can be done automatically together with the smbpasswd
	synchronization.
	</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Finally, the BDC has to be found by the workstations. This can be done
by setting</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[global]
     workgroup = SAMBA
     domain master = no
     domain logons = yes
     encrypt passwords = yes
     security = user
     ....</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>in the [global]-section of the smb.conf of the BDC. This makes the BDC
only register the name SAMBA#1c with the WINS server. This is no
problem as the name SAMBA#1c is a NetBIOS group name that is meant to
be registered by more than one machine. The parameter 'domain master =
no' forces the BDC not to register SAMBA#1b which as a unique NetBIOS
name is reserved for the Primary Domain Controller.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1836"
>10.5.1. How do I replicate the smbpasswd file?</A
></H2
><P
>Replication of the smbpasswd file is sensitive. It has to be done
whenever changes to the SAM are made. Every user's password change
(including machine trust account password changes) is done in the
smbpasswd file and has to be replicated to the BDC. So
replicating the smbpasswd file very often is necessary.</P
><P
>As the smbpasswd file contains plain text password equivalents, it
must not be sent unencrypted over the wire. The best way to set up
smbpasswd replication from the PDC to the BDC is to use the utility
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>rsync(1)</B
>. <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>rsync</B
> can use
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ssh(1)</B
> as a transport. <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ssh</B
> itself
can be set up to accept <EM
>only</EM
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>rsync</B
> transfer without requiring the user to
type a password.  Refer to the man pages for these two tools for more details.</P
><P
>Another solution with high potential is to use Samba's <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>--with-ldapsam</I
></TT
>
for sharing and/or replicating the list of <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>sambaAccount</TT
> entries.
This can all be done over SSL to ensure security.  See the <A
HREF="Samba-LDAP-HOWTO.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Samba-LDAP-HOWTO</A
>
for more details.</P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="SAMBA-LDAP-HOWTO"
>Chapter 11. Storing Samba's User/Machine Account information in an LDAP Directory</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1867"
>11.1. Purpose</A
></H1
><P
>This document describes how to use an LDAP directory for storing Samba user
account information traditionally stored in the smbpasswd(5) file.  It is
assumed that the reader already has a basic understanding of LDAP concepts
and has a working directory server already installed.  For more information
on LDAP architectures and Directories, please refer to the following sites.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>OpenLDAP - <A
HREF="http://www.openldap.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.openldap.org/</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
>iPlanet Directory Server - <A
HREF="http://iplanet.netscape.com/directory"
TARGET="_top"
>http://iplanet.netscape.com/directory</A
></P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Note that <A
HREF="http://www.ora.com/"
TARGET="_top"
>O'Reilly Publishing</A
> is working on
a guide to LDAP for System Administrators which has a planned release date of
late 2002.</P
><P
>Two additional Samba resources which may prove to be helpful are</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>The <A
HREF="http://www.unav.es/cti/ldap-smb/ldap-smb-2_2-howto.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Samba-PDC-LDAP-HOWTO</A
>
	maintained by Ignacio Coupeau.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The NT migration scripts from <A
HREF="http://samba.idealx.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>IDEALX</A
> that are
	geared to manage users and group in such a Samba-LDAP Domain Controller configuration.  These scripts can
	be found in the Samba 2.2.5 release in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>examples/LDAP/smbldap-tools/</TT
> directory.
	</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1888"
>11.2. Introduction</A
></H1
><P
>Traditionally, when configuring <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS"
TARGET="_top"
>"encrypt
passwords = yes"</A
> in Samba's <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file, user account
information such as username, LM/NT password hashes, password change times, and account
flags have been stored in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smbpasswd(5)</TT
> file.  There are several
disadvantages to this approach for sites with very large numbers of users (counted
in the thousands).</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>The first is that all lookups must be performed sequentially.  Given that
there are approximately two lookups per domain logon (one for a normal
session connection such as when mapping a network drive or printer), this
is a performance bottleneck for large sites.  What is needed is an indexed approach
such as is used in databases.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The second problem is that administrators who desired to replicate a
smbpasswd file to more than one Samba server were left to use external
tools such as <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>rsync(1)</B
> and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ssh(1)</B
>
and wrote custom, in-house scripts.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>And finally, the amount of information which is stored in an
smbpasswd entry leaves no room for additional attributes such as
a home directory, password expiration time, or even a Relative
Identified (RID).</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>As a result of these defeciencies, a more robust means of storing user attributes
used by <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
> was developed.  The API which defines access to user accounts
is commonly referred to as the samdb interface (previously this was called the passdb
API, and is still so named in the CVS trees). In Samba 2.2.3, enabling support
for a samdb backend (e.g. <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>--with-ldapsam</I
></TT
> or
<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>--with-tdbsam</I
></TT
>) requires compile time support.</P
><P
>When compiling Samba to include the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>--with-ldapsam</I
></TT
> autoconf
option, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
> (and associated tools) will store and lookup user accounts in
an LDAP directory.  In reality, this is very easy to understand.  If you are
comfortable with using an smbpasswd file, simply replace "smbpasswd" with
"LDAP directory" in all the documentation.</P
><P
>There are a few points to stress about what the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>--with-ldapsam</I
></TT
>
does not provide.  The LDAP support referred to in the this documentation does not
include:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>A means of retrieving user account information from
	an Windows 2000 Active Directory server.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>A means of replacing /etc/passwd.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>The second item can be accomplished by using LDAP NSS and PAM modules.  LGPL
versions of these libraries can be obtained from PADL Software
(<A
HREF="http://www.padl.com/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.padl.com/</A
>).  However,
the details of configuring these packages are beyond the scope of this document.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1919"
>11.3. Supported LDAP Servers</A
></H1
><P
>The LDAP samdb code in 2.2.3 has been developed and tested using the OpenLDAP
2.0 server and client libraries.  The same code should be able to work with
Netscape's Directory Server and client SDK. However, due to lack of testing
so far, there are bound to be compile errors and bugs.  These should not be
hard to fix. If you are so inclined, please be sure to forward all patches to
<A
HREF="samba-patches@samba.org"
TARGET="_top"
>samba-patches@samba.org</A
> and
<A
HREF="jerry@samba.org"
TARGET="_top"
>jerry@samba.org</A
>.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1924"
>11.4. Schema and Relationship to the RFC 2307 posixAccount</A
></H1
><P
>Samba 2.2.3 includes the necessary schema file for OpenLDAP 2.0 in
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>examples/LDAP/samba.schema</TT
>.  (Note that this schema
file has been modified since the experimental support initially included
in 2.2.2).  The sambaAccount objectclass is given here:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>objectclass ( 1.3.1.5.1.4.1.7165.2.2.3 NAME 'sambaAccount' SUP top AUXILARY
     DESC 'Samba Account'
     MUST ( uid $ rid )
     MAY  ( cn $ lmPassword $ ntPassword $ pwdLastSet $ logonTime $
            logoffTime $ kickoffTime $ pwdCanChange $ pwdMustChange $ acctFlags $
            displayName $ smbHome $ homeDrive $ scriptPath $ profilePath $
            description $ userWorkstations $ primaryGroupID $ domain ))</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>samba.schema</TT
> file has been formatted for OpenLDAP 2.0 &#38; 2.1.  The OID's are
owned by the Samba Team and as such is legal to be openly published.
If you translate the schema to be used with Netscape DS, please
submit the modified schema file as a patch to <A
HREF="jerry@samba.org"
TARGET="_top"
>jerry@samba.org</A
></P
><P
>Since the original release, schema files for</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>IBM's SecureWay Server</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Netscape Directory Server version 4.x and 5.x</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>have been submitted and included in the Samba source distribution.  I cannot
personally comment on the integration of these commercial directory servers since
I have not had the oppotinuity to work with them.</P
><P
>Just as the smbpasswd file is mean to store information which supplements a
user's <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
> entry, so is the sambaAccount object
meant to supplement the UNIX user account information.  A sambaAccount is now an
<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>AUXILARY</TT
> objectclass so it can be stored alongside
a posixAccount or person objectclass in the directory.  Note that there are
several fields (e.g. uid) which overlap with the posixAccount objectclass
outlined in RFC2307.  This is by design.  The move from a STRUCTURAL objectclass
to an AUXILIARY one was compliance with the LDAP data model which states that
an entry can contain only one STRUCTURAL objectclass per entry.  This is now
enforced by the OpenLDAP 2.1 server.</P
><P
>In order to store all user account information (UNIX and Samba) in the directory,
it is necessary to use the sambaAccount and posixAccount objectclasses in
combination.  However, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
> will still obtain the user's UNIX account
information via the standard C library calls (e.g. getpwnam(), et. al.).
This means that the Samba server must also have the LDAP NSS library installed
and functioning correctly.  This division of information makes it possible to
store all Samba account information in LDAP, but still maintain UNIX account
information in NIS while the network is transitioning to a full LDAP infrastructure.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN1945"
>11.5. Configuring Samba with LDAP</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1947"
>11.5.1. OpenLDAP configuration</A
></H2
><P
>To include support for the sambaAccount object in an OpenLDAP directory
server, first copy the samba.schema file to slapd's configuration directory.</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root# </TT
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cp samba.schema /etc/openldap/schema/</B
></P
><P
>Next, include the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>samba.schema</TT
> file in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>slapd.conf</TT
>.
The sambaAccount object contains two attributes which depend upon other schema
files.  The 'uid' attribute is defined in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>cosine.schema</TT
> and
the 'displayName' attribute is defined in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>inetorgperson.schema</TT
>
file.  Both of these must be included before the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>samba.schema</TT
> file.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>## /etc/openldap/slapd.conf

## schema files (core.schema is required by default)
include	           /etc/openldap/schema/core.schema

## needed for sambaAccount
include            /etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema
include            /etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema
include            /etc/openldap/schema/samba.schema

## uncomment this line if you want to support the RFC2307 (NIS) schema
## include         /etc/openldap/schema/nis.schema

....</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>It is recommended that you maintain some indices on some of the most usefull attributes,
like in the following example, to speed up searches made on sambaAccount objectclasses
(and possibly posixAccount and posixGroup as well).</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
># Indices to maintain
## required by OpenLDAP 2.0
index objectclass   eq

## support pbb_getsampwnam()
index uid           pres,eq
## support pdb_getsampwrid()
index rid           eq

## uncomment these if you are storing posixAccount and
## posixGroup entries in the directory as well
##index uidNumber     eq
##index gidNumber     eq
##index cn            eq
##index memberUid     eq</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1964"
>11.5.2. Configuring Samba</A
></H2
><P
>The following parameters are available in smb.conf only with <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>--with-ldapsam</I
></TT
>
was included with compiling Samba.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPSSL"
TARGET="_top"
>ldap ssl</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPSERVER"
TARGET="_top"
>ldap server</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPADMINDN"
TARGET="_top"
>ldap admin dn</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPSUFFIX"
TARGET="_top"
>ldap suffix</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPFILTER"
TARGET="_top"
>ldap filter</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPPORT"
TARGET="_top"
>ldap port</A
></P
></LI
></UL
><P
>These are described in the <A
HREF="smb.conf.5.html"
TARGET="_top"
>smb.conf(5)</A
> man
page and so will not be repeated here.  However, a sample smb.conf file for
use with an LDAP directory could appear as</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>## /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf
[global]
     security = user
     encrypt passwords = yes

     netbios name = TASHTEGO
     workgroup = NARNIA

     # ldap related parameters

     # define the DN to use when binding to the directory servers
     # The password for this DN is not stored in smb.conf.  Rather it
     # must be set by using 'smbpasswd -w <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>secretpw</I
></TT
>' to store the
     # passphrase in the secrets.tdb file.  If the "ldap admin dn" values
     # changes, this password will need to be reset.
     ldap admin dn = "cn=Samba Manager,ou=people,dc=samba,dc=org"

     #  specify the LDAP server's hostname (defaults to locahost)
     ldap server = ahab.samba.org

     # Define the SSL option when connecting to the directory
     # ('off', 'start tls', or 'on' (default))
     ldap ssl = start tls

     # define the port to use in the LDAP session (defaults to 636 when
     # "ldap ssl = on")
     ldap port = 389

     # specify the base DN to use when searching the directory
     ldap suffix = "ou=people,dc=samba,dc=org"

     # generally the default ldap search filter is ok
     # ldap filter = "(&#38;(uid=%u)(objectclass=sambaAccount))"</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN1992"
>11.5.3. Importing <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smbpasswd</TT
> entries</A
></H2
><P
>Import existing user entries from an <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smbpasswd</TT
> can be trivially done using
a Perl script named <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>import_smbpasswd.pl</TT
> included in the
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>examples/LDAP/</TT
> directory of the Samba source distribution.  There are
two main requirements of this script:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>All users to be imported to the directory must have a valid uid on the
	local system.  This can be a problem if using a machinej different from the Samba server
	to import the file.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The local system must have a working installation of the Net::LDAP perl
	module which can be obtained from with <A
HREF="http://search.cpan.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://search.cpan.org/</A
>
	by searching for <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>perl-ldap</TT
> or directly from <A
HREF="http://perl-ldap.sf.net/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://perl-ldap.sf.net/</A
>.
	</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Please refer to the documentation in the same directory as the script for more details.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2008"
>11.6. Accounts and Groups management</A
></H1
><P
>As users accounts are managed thru the sambaAccount objectclass, you should
modify you existing administration tools to deal with sambaAccount attributes.</P
><P
>Machines accounts are managed with the sambaAccount objectclass, just
like users accounts. However, it's up to you to stored thoses accounts
in a different tree of you LDAP namespace: you should use
"ou=Groups,dc=plainjoe,dc=org" to store groups and
"ou=People,dc=plainjoe,dc=org" to store users. Just configure your
NSS and PAM accordingly (usually, in the /etc/ldap.conf configuration
file).</P
><P
>In Samba release 2.2.3, the group management system is based on posix
groups. This meand that Samba make usage of the posixGroup objectclass.
For now, there is no NT-like group system management (global and local
groups).</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2013"
>11.7. Security and sambaAccount</A
></H1
><P
>There are two important points to remember when discussing the security
of sambaAccount entries in the directory.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><EM
>Never</EM
> retrieve the lmPassword or
	ntPassword attribute values over an unencrypted LDAP session.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><EM
>Never</EM
> allow non-admin users to
	view the lmPassword or ntPassword attribute values.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>These password hashes are clear text equivalents and can be used to impersonate
the user without deriving the original clear text strings.  For more information
on the details of LM/NT password hashes, refer to the <A
HREF="ENCRYPTION.html"
TARGET="_top"
>ENCRYPTION chapter</A
> of the Samba-HOWTO-Collection.</P
><P
>To remedy the first security issue, the "ldap ssl" smb.conf parameter defaults
to require an encrypted session (<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ldap ssl = on</B
>) using
the default port of 636
when contacting the directory server.  When using an OpenLDAP 2.0 server, it
is possible to use the use the StartTLS LDAP extended  operation in the place of
LDAPS.  In either case, you are strongly discouraged to disable this security
(<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ldap ssl = off</B
>).</P
><P
>Note that the LDAPS protocol is deprecated in favor of the LDAPv3 StartTLS
extended operation.  However, the OpenLDAP library still provides support for
the older method of securing communication between clients and servers.</P
><P
>The second security precaution is to prevent non-administrative users from
harvesting password hashes from the directory.  This can be done using the
following ACL in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>slapd.conf</TT
>:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>## allow the "ldap admin dn" access, but deny everyone else
access to attrs=lmPassword,ntPassword
     by dn="cn=Samba Admin,ou=people,dc=plainjoe,dc=org" write
     by * none</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2033"
>11.8. LDAP specials attributes for sambaAccounts</A
></H1
><P
>The sambaAccount objectclass is composed of the following attributes:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>lmPassword</TT
>: the LANMAN password 16-byte hash stored as a character
	representation of a hexidecimal string.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>ntPassword</TT
>: the NT password hash 16-byte stored as a character
	representation of a hexidecimal string.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>pwdLastSet</TT
>: The integer time in seconds since 1970 when the
	<TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>lmPassword</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>ntPassword</TT
> attributes were last set.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>acctFlags</TT
>: string of 11 characters surrounded by square brackets []
	representing account flags such as U (user), W(workstation), X(no password expiration), and
	D(disabled).</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>logonTime</TT
>: Integer value currently unused</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>logoffTime</TT
>: Integer value currently unused</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>kickoffTime</TT
>: Integer value currently unused</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>pwdCanChange</TT
>: Integer value currently unused</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>pwdMustChange</TT
>: Integer value currently unused</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>homeDrive</TT
>: specifies the drive letter to which to map the
	UNC path specified by homeDirectory. The drive letter must be specified in the form "X:"
	where X is the letter of the drive to map. Refer to the "logon drive" parameter in the
	smb.conf(5) man page for more information.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>scriptPath</TT
>: The scriptPath property specifies the path of
	the user's logon script, .CMD, .EXE, or .BAT file. The string can be null. The path
	is relative to the netlogon share.  Refer to the "logon script" parameter in the
	smb.conf(5) man page for more information.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>profilePath</TT
>: specifies a path to the user's profile.
	This value can be a null string, a local absolute path, or a UNC path.  Refer to the
	"logon path" parameter in the smb.conf(5) man page for more information.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>smbHome</TT
>: The homeDirectory property specifies the path of
	the home directory for the user. The string can be null. If homeDrive is set and specifies
	a drive letter, homeDirectory should be a UNC path. The path must be a network
	UNC path of the form \\server\share\directory. This value can be a null string.
	Refer to the "logon home" parameter in the smb.conf(5) man page for more information.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>userWorkstation</TT
>: character string value currently unused.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>rid</TT
>: the integer representation of the user's relative identifier
	(RID).</P
></LI
><LI
><P
><TT
CLASS="CONSTANT"
>primaryGroupID</TT
>: the relative identifier (RID) of the primary group
	of the user.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>The majority of these parameters are only used when Samba is acting as a PDC of
a domain (refer to the <A
HREF="Samba-PDC-HOWTO.html"
TARGET="_top"
>Samba-PDC-HOWTO</A
> for details on
how to configure Samba as a Primary Domain Controller). The following four attributes
are only stored with the sambaAccount entry if the values are non-default values:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>smbHome</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>scriptPath</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>logonPath</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>homeDrive</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>These attributes are only stored with the sambaAccount entry if
the values are non-default values.  For example, assume TASHTEGO has now been
configured as a PDC and that <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>logon home = \\%L\%u</B
> was defined in
its <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file. When a user named "becky" logons to the domain,
the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>logon home</I
></TT
> string is expanded to \\TASHTEGO\becky.
If the smbHome attribute exists in the entry "uid=becky,ou=people,dc=samba,dc=org",
this value is used.  However, if this attribute does not exist, then the value
of the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>logon home</I
></TT
> parameter is used in its place.  Samba
will only write the attribute value to the directory entry is the value is
something other than the default (e.g. \\MOBY\becky).</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2103"
>11.9. Example LDIF Entries for a sambaAccount</A
></H1
><P
>The following is a working LDIF with the inclusion of the posixAccount objectclass:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>dn: uid=guest2, ou=people,dc=plainjoe,dc=org
ntPassword: 878D8014606CDA29677A44EFA1353FC7
pwdMustChange: 2147483647
primaryGroupID: 1201
lmPassword: 552902031BEDE9EFAAD3B435B51404EE
pwdLastSet: 1010179124
logonTime: 0
objectClass: sambaAccount
uid: guest2
kickoffTime: 2147483647
acctFlags: [UX         ]
logoffTime: 2147483647
rid: 19006
pwdCanChange: 0</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The following is an LDIF entry for using both the sambaAccount and
posixAccount objectclasses:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>dn: uid=gcarter, ou=people,dc=plainjoe,dc=org
logonTime: 0
displayName: Gerald Carter
lmPassword: 552902031BEDE9EFAAD3B435B51404EE
primaryGroupID: 1201
objectClass: posixAccount
objectClass: sambaAccount
acctFlags: [UX         ]
userPassword: {crypt}BpM2ej8Rkzogo
uid: gcarter
uidNumber: 9000
cn: Gerald Carter
loginShell: /bin/bash
logoffTime: 2147483647
gidNumber: 100
kickoffTime: 2147483647
pwdLastSet: 1010179230
rid: 19000
homeDirectory: /home/tashtego/gcarter
pwdCanChange: 0
pwdMustChange: 2147483647
ntPassword: 878D8014606CDA29677A44EFA1353FC7</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2111"
>11.10. Comments</A
></H1
><P
>Please mail all comments regarding this HOWTO to <A
HREF="mailto:jerry@samba.org"
TARGET="_top"
>jerry@samba.org</A
>.  This documents was
last updated to reflect the Samba 2.2.5 release.&#13;</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="WINBIND"
>Chapter 12. Unified Logons between Windows NT and UNIX using Winbind</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2140"
>12.1. Abstract</A
></H1
><P
>Integration of UNIX and Microsoft Windows NT through 
	a unified logon has been considered a "holy grail" in heterogeneous 
	computing environments for a long time. We present 
	<EM
>winbind</EM
>, a component of the Samba suite 
	of programs as a solution to the unified logon problem. Winbind 
	uses a UNIX implementation 
	of Microsoft RPC calls, Pluggable Authentication Modules, and the Name 
	Service Switch to allow Windows NT domain users to appear and operate 
	as UNIX users on a UNIX machine. This paper describes the winbind 
	system, explaining the functionality it provides, how it is configured, 
	and how it works internally.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2144"
>12.2. Introduction</A
></H1
><P
>It is well known that UNIX and Microsoft Windows NT have 
	different models for representing user and group information and 
	use different technologies for implementing them. This fact has 
	made it difficult to integrate the two systems in a satisfactory 
	manner.</P
><P
>One common solution in use today has been to create 
	identically named user accounts on both the UNIX and Windows systems 
	and use the Samba suite of programs to provide file and print services 
	between the two. This solution is far from perfect however, as 
	adding and deleting users on both sets of machines becomes a chore 
	and two sets of passwords are required both of which
	can lead to synchronization problems between the UNIX and Windows 
	systems and confusion for users.</P
><P
>We divide the unified logon problem for UNIX machines into 
	three smaller problems:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>Obtaining Windows NT user and group information
		</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Authenticating Windows NT users
		</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Password changing for Windows NT users
		</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Ideally, a prospective solution to the unified logon problem 
	would satisfy all the above components without duplication of 
	information on the UNIX machines and without creating additional 
	tasks for the system administrator when maintaining users and 
	groups on either system. The winbind system provides a simple 
	and elegant solution to all three components of the unified logon 
	problem.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2157"
>12.3. What Winbind Provides</A
></H1
><P
>Winbind unifies UNIX and Windows NT account management by 
	allowing a UNIX box to become a full member of a NT domain. Once 
	this is done the UNIX box will see NT users and groups as if 
	they were native UNIX users and groups, allowing the NT domain 
	to be used in much the same manner that NIS+ is used within 
	UNIX-only environments.</P
><P
>The end result is that whenever any 
	program on the UNIX machine asks the operating system to lookup 
	a user or group name, the query will be resolved by asking the 
	NT domain controller for the specified domain to do the lookup.
	Because Winbind hooks into the operating system at a low level 
	(via the NSS name resolution modules in the C library) this 
	redirection to the NT domain controller is completely 
	transparent.</P
><P
>Users on the UNIX machine can then use NT user and group 
	names as they would use "native" UNIX names. They can chown files 
	so that they are owned by NT domain users or even login to the 
	UNIX machine and run a UNIX X-Window session as a domain user.</P
><P
>The only obvious indication that Winbind is being used is 
	that user and group names take the form DOMAIN\user and 
	DOMAIN\group. This is necessary as it allows Winbind to determine 
	that redirection to a domain controller is wanted for a particular 
	lookup and which trusted domain is being referenced.</P
><P
>Additionally, Winbind provides an authentication service 
	that hooks into the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) system 
	to provide authentication via a NT domain to any PAM enabled 
	applications. This capability solves the problem of synchronizing 
	passwords between systems since all passwords are stored in a single 
	location (on the domain controller).</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2164"
>12.3.1. Target Uses</A
></H2
><P
>Winbind is targeted at organizations that have an 
		existing NT based domain infrastructure into which they wish 
		to put UNIX workstations or servers. Winbind will allow these 
		organizations to deploy UNIX workstations without having to 
		maintain a separate account infrastructure. This greatly 
		simplifies the administrative overhead of deploying UNIX 
		workstations into a NT based organization.</P
><P
>Another interesting way in which we expect Winbind to 
		be used is as a central part of UNIX based appliances. Appliances
		that provide file and print services to Microsoft based networks 
		will be able to use Winbind to provide seamless integration of 
		the appliance into the domain.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2168"
>12.4. How Winbind Works</A
></H1
><P
>The winbind system is designed around a client/server 
	architecture. A long running <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>winbindd</B
> daemon 
	listens on a UNIX domain socket waiting for requests
	to arrive. These requests are generated by the NSS and PAM 
	clients and processed sequentially.</P
><P
>The technologies used to implement winbind are described 
	in detail below.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2173"
>12.4.1. Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</A
></H2
><P
>Over the last two years, efforts have been underway 
		by various Samba Team members to decode various aspects of 
		the Microsoft Remote Procedure Call (MSRPC) system. This 
		system is used for most network related operations between 
		Windows NT machines including remote management, user authentication
		and print spooling. Although initially this work was done 
		to aid the implementation of Primary Domain Controller (PDC) 
		functionality in Samba, it has also yielded a body of code which 
		can be used for other purposes.</P
><P
>Winbind uses various MSRPC calls to enumerate domain users 
		and groups and to obtain detailed information about individual 
		users or groups. Other MSRPC calls can be used to authenticate 
		NT domain users and to change user passwords. By directly querying 
		a Windows PDC for user and group information, winbind maps the 
		NT account information onto UNIX user and group names.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2177"
>12.4.2. Name Service Switch</A
></H2
><P
>The Name Service Switch, or NSS, is a feature that is 
		present in many UNIX operating systems. It allows system 
		information such as hostnames, mail aliases and user information 
		to be resolved from different sources. For example, a standalone 
		UNIX workstation may resolve system information from a series of 
		flat files stored on the local filesystem. A networked workstation 
		may first attempt to resolve system information from local files, 
		and then consult a NIS database for user information or a DNS server 
		for hostname information.</P
><P
>The NSS application programming interface allows winbind 
		to present itself as a source of system information when 
		resolving UNIX usernames and groups.  Winbind uses this interface, 
		and information obtained from a Windows NT server using MSRPC 
		calls to provide a new source of account enumeration.  Using standard 
		UNIX library calls, one can enumerate the users and groups on
		a UNIX machine running winbind and see all users and groups in 
		a NT domain plus any trusted domain as though they were local 
		users and groups.</P
><P
>The primary control file for NSS is 
		<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/nsswitch.conf</TT
>. 
		When a UNIX application makes a request to do a lookup 
		the C library looks in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/nsswitch.conf</TT
> 
		for a line which matches the service type being requested, for 
		example the "passwd" service type is used when user or group names 
		are looked up. This	config line species which implementations 
		of that service should be tried and in what order. If the passwd 
		config line is:</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>passwd: files example</B
></P
><P
>then the C library will first load a module called 
		<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib/libnss_files.so</TT
> followed by
		the module <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib/libnss_example.so</TT
>. The 
		C library will dynamically load each of these modules in turn 
		and call resolver functions within the modules to try to resolve 
		the request. Once the request is resolved the C library returns the
		result to the application.</P
><P
>This NSS interface provides a very easy way for Winbind 
		to hook into the operating system. All that needs to be done 
		is to put <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>libnss_winbind.so</TT
> in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib/</TT
> 
		then add "winbind" into <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/nsswitch.conf</TT
> at 
		the appropriate place. The C library will then call Winbind to 
		resolve user and group names.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2193"
>12.4.3. Pluggable Authentication Modules</A
></H2
><P
>Pluggable Authentication Modules, also known as PAM, 
		is a system for abstracting authentication and authorization 
		technologies. With a PAM module it is possible to specify different 
		authentication methods for different system applications without 
		having to recompile these applications. PAM is also useful
		for implementing a particular policy for authorization. For example, 
		a system administrator may only allow console logins from users 
		stored in the local password file but only allow users resolved from 
		a NIS database to log in over the network.</P
><P
>Winbind uses the authentication management and password 
		management PAM interface to integrate Windows NT users into a 
		UNIX system. This allows Windows NT users to log in to a UNIX 
		machine and be authenticated against a suitable Primary Domain 
		Controller. These users can also change their passwords and have 
		this change take effect directly on the Primary Domain Controller.
		</P
><P
>PAM is configured by providing control files in the directory 
		<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d/</TT
> for each of the services that 
		require authentication. When an authentication request is made 
		by an application the PAM code in the C library looks up this
		control file to determine what modules to load to do the 
		authentication check and in what order. This interface makes adding 
		a new authentication service for Winbind very easy, all that needs 
		to be done is that the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_winbind.so</TT
> module 
		is copied to <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib/security/</TT
> and the PAM 
		control files for relevant services are updated to allow 
		authentication via winbind. See the PAM documentation
		for more details.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2201"
>12.4.4. User and Group ID Allocation</A
></H2
><P
>When a user or group is created under Windows NT 
		is it allocated a numerical relative identifier (RID). This is 
		slightly different to UNIX which has a range of numbers that are 
		used to identify users, and the same range in which to identify 
		groups. It is winbind's job to convert RIDs to UNIX id numbers and
		vice versa.  When winbind is configured it is given part of the UNIX 
		user id space and a part of the UNIX group id space in which to 
		store Windows NT users and groups. If a Windows NT user is 
		resolved for the first time, it is allocated the next UNIX id from 
		the range. The same process applies for Windows NT groups. Over 
		time, winbind will have mapped all Windows NT users and groups
		to UNIX user ids and group ids.</P
><P
>The results of this mapping are stored persistently in 
		an ID mapping database held in a tdb database). This ensures that 
		RIDs are mapped to UNIX IDs in a consistent way.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2205"
>12.4.5. Result Caching</A
></H2
><P
>An active system can generate a lot of user and group 
		name lookups. To reduce the network cost of these lookups winbind 
		uses a caching scheme based on the SAM sequence number supplied 
		by NT domain controllers.  User or group information returned 
		by a PDC is cached by winbind along with a sequence number also 
		returned by the PDC. This sequence number is incremented by 
		Windows NT whenever any user or group information is modified. If 
		a cached entry has expired, the sequence number is requested from 
		the PDC and compared against the sequence number of the cached entry. 
		If the sequence numbers do not match, then the cached information 
		is discarded and up to date information is requested directly 
		from the PDC.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2208"
>12.5. Installation and Configuration</A
></H1
><P
>Many thanks to John Trostel <A
HREF="mailto:jtrostel@snapserver.com"
TARGET="_top"
>jtrostel@snapserver.com</A
>
for providing the original Linux version of this HOWTO which 
describes how to get winbind services up and running 
to control access and authenticate users on your Linux box using 
the winbind services which are included with the SAMBA 2.2.2 and later
releases.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2212"
>12.5.1. Introduction</A
></H2
><P
>This HOWTO describes the procedures used to get winbind up and 
running on a RedHat 7.1 system.  Winbind is capable of providing access
and authentication control for Windows Domain users through an NT
or Win2K PDC for 'regular' services, such as telnet and ftp, as
well providing dynamic uid/gid allocation for Samba.</P
><P
>This HOWTO has been written from a 'RedHat-centric' perspective, so if
you are using another distribution (or operating system), you may have
to modify the instructions somewhat to fit the way your distribution works.</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>Why should I to this?</EM
>
	</P
><P
>This allows the SAMBA administrator to rely on the
	authentication mechanisms on the NT/Win2K PDC for the authentication
	of domain members.  NT/Win2K users no longer need to have separate
	accounts on the SAMBA server.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	<EM
>Who should be reading this document?</EM
>
	</P
><P
>	This HOWTO is designed for system administrators.  If you are
	implementing SAMBA on a file server and wish to (fairly easily)
	integrate existing NT/Win2K users from your PDC onto the
	SAMBA server, this HOWTO is for you.
	</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2225"
>12.5.2. Requirements</A
></H2
><P
>If you have a samba configuration file that you are currently
using... <EM
>BACK IT UP!</EM
>  If your system already uses PAM,
<EM
>back up the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d</TT
> (or <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.conf</TT
>)
directory contents!</EM
> If you haven't already made a boot disk,
<EM
>MAKE ONE NOW!</EM
></P
><P
>Messing with the pam configuration files can make it nearly impossible
to log in to your machine. That's why you want to be able to boot back
into your machine in single user mode and restore your
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d</TT
> (or <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam.conmf</TT
>) back to
the original state they were in if
you get frustrated with the way things are going.</P
><P
>The first SAMBA release to inclue a stable winbindd daemon was 2.2.2.  Please refer to the
<A
HREF="http://samba.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>main SAMBA web page</A
> or,
better yet, your closest SAMBA mirror site for instructions on
downloading the source code.  it is generally advised to obtain the lates
Samba release as bugs are constantly being fixed.</P
><P
>To allow Domain users the ability to access SAMBA shares and
files, as well as potentially other services provided by your
SAMBA machine, PAM (pluggable authentication modules) must
be setup properly on your machine.  In order to compile the
winbind modules, you must have at the PAM libraries and header files resident
on your system.  For recent RedHat systems (7.x, for instance), that
means installing both <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam-devel</TT
> RPM.
The former is installed by default on all Linux systems of which the author is aware.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2241"
>12.5.3. Testing Things Out</A
></H2
><P
>Before starting, kill off all the SAMBA related daemons running on your server.  Kill off
all <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
>, <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>nmbd</B
>, and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>winbindd</B
> processes that may
be running (<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>winbindd</B
> will only be running if you have ao previous Winbind
installation...but why would you be reading tis if that were the case?).  To use PAM, you will
want to make sure that you have the standard PAM package (for RedHat) which supplies the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d</TT
>
directory structure, including the pam modules are used by pam-aware
services, several pam libraries, and the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/doc</TT
>
and <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/man</TT
> entries for pam.  Samba will require
the pam-devel package if you plan to build the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_winbind.so</TT
> library or
include the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>--with-pam</B
> option to the configure script.
This package includes the header files needed to compile pam-aware applications.</P
><P
>[I have no idea which Solaris packages are quired for PAM libraries and
development files.  If you know, please mail me the information and I will include
it in the next revision of this HOWTO.  --jerry@samba.org]</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN2254"
>12.5.3.1. Configure and Compile SAMBA</A
></H3
><P
>The configuration and compilation of SAMBA is straightforward.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>./configure --with-winbind</B
>
<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>make</B
>
<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>make install</B
></PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>This will, by default, install SAMBA in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/usr/local/samba</TT
>.
See the main SAMBA documentation if you want to install SAMBA somewhere else.
It will also build the winbindd executable and NSS library.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN2267"
>12.5.3.2. Configure <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>nsswitch.conf</TT
> and the
winbind libraries</A
></H3
><P
>The libraries needed to run the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>winbindd</B
> daemon
through nsswitch need to be copied to their proper locations.</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cp nsswitch/libnss_winbind.so /lib</B
>
<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>chmod 755 /lib/libnss_winbind.so</B
></P
><P
>It necessary to make the following symbolic link:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ln -s /lib/libnss_winbind.so /lib/libnss_winbind.so.2</B
></P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>.2</TT
> extension is due to the version of glibc used on your Linux host.
for most modern systems, the file extension is correct.  However, some other operating systems,
Solaris 7/8 being the most common, the destination filename should be replaced with
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib/nss_winbind.so.1</TT
></P
><P
>Now, as root edit <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/nsswitch.conf</TT
> to
allow user and group entries to be visible from the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>winbindd</B
>
daemon.  After editing, the file look appear:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>	passwd:     files winbind
	shadow:     files
	group:      files winbind</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN2289"
>12.5.3.3. Configure <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
></A
></H3
><P
>Several parameters are needed in the smb.conf file to control
the behavior of <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>winbindd</B
>. Configure
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> These are described in more detail in
the <A
HREF="winbindd.8.html"
TARGET="_top"
>winbindd(8)</A
> man page.  My
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> file was modified to
include the following entries in the [global] section:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>[global]
     &#60;...&#62;
     # separate domain and username with '+', like DOMAIN+username
     <A
HREF="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDSEPARATOR"
TARGET="_top"
>winbind separator</A
> = +
     # use uids from 10000 to 20000 for domain users
     <A
HREF="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDUID"
TARGET="_top"
>winbind uid</A
> = 10000-20000
     # use gids from 10000 to 20000 for domain groups
     <A
HREF="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDGID"
TARGET="_top"
>winbind gid</A
> = 10000-20000
     # allow enumeration of winbind users and groups
     # might need to disable these next two for performance
     # reasons on the winbindd host
     <A
HREF="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDENUMUSERS"
TARGET="_top"
>winbind enum users</A
> = yes
     <A
HREF="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDENUMGROUP"
TARGET="_top"
>winbind enum groups</A
> = yes
     # give winbind users a real shell (only needed if they have telnet/sshd/etc... access)
     <A
HREF="winbindd.8.html#TEMPLATEHOMEDIR"
TARGET="_top"
>template homedir</A
> = /home/winnt/%D/%U
     <A
HREF="winbindd.8.html#TEMPLATESHELL"
TARGET="_top"
>template shell</A
> = /bin/bash</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN2306"
>12.5.3.4. Join the SAMBA server to the PDC domain</A
></H3
><P
>Enter the following command to make the SAMBA server join the
PDC domain, where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>DOMAIN</I
></TT
> is the name of
your Windows domain and <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>Administrator</I
></TT
> is
a domain user who has administrative privileges in the domain.</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>/usr/local/samba/bin/smbpasswd -j DOMAIN -r PDC -U Administrator</B
></P
><P
>The proper response to the command should be: "Joined the domain
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>DOMAIN</I
></TT
>" where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>DOMAIN</I
></TT
>
is your DOMAIN name.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN2317"
>12.5.3.5. Start up the winbindd daemon and test it!</A
></H3
><P
>Eventually, you will want to modify your smb startup script to
automatically invoke the winbindd daemon when the other parts of
SAMBA start, but it is possible to test out just the winbind
portion first.  To start up winbind services, enter the following
command as root:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/samba/bin</B
>
<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>winbindd</B
></P
><P
>I'm always paranoid and like to make sure the daemon
is really running...</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ps -ae | grep winbindd</B
></P
><P
>This command should produce output like this, if the daemon is running</P
><P
>3025 ?        00:00:00 winbindd</P
><P
>Note that a sample RedHat init script for starting winbindd is included in
the SAMBA sourse distribution as <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>packaging/RedHat/winbind.init</TT
>.</P
><P
>Now... for the real test, try to get some information about the
users on your PDC</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>wbinfo -u</B
></P
><P
>This should echo back a list of users on your Windows users on
your PDC.  For example, I get the following response:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CEO+Administrator
CEO+burdell
CEO+Guest
CEO+jt-ad
CEO+krbtgt
CEO+TsInternetUser</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>Obviously, I have named my domain 'CEO' and my <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>winbind
separator</I
></TT
> is '+'.</P
><P
>You can do the same sort of thing to get group information from
the PDC:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>/usr/local/samba/bin/wbinfo -g</B
>
CEO+Domain Admins
CEO+Domain Users
CEO+Domain Guests
CEO+Domain Computers
CEO+Domain Controllers
CEO+Cert Publishers
CEO+Schema Admins
CEO+Enterprise Admins
CEO+Group Policy Creator Owners</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The function 'getent' can now be used to get unified
lists of both local and PDC users and groups.
Try the following command:</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>getent passwd</B
></P
><P
>You should get a list that looks like your <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/passwd</TT
>
list followed by the domain users with their new uids, gids, home
directories and default shells.  If you do not, verify that the permissions on the
libnss_winbind.so library are <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>rwxr-xr-x</TT
>.</P
><P
>The same thing can be done for groups with the command</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>getent group</B
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><HR><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN2358"
>12.5.3.6. Configure Winbind and PAM</A
></H3
><P
>At this point we are assured that <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>winbindd</B
> and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>smbd</B
>
are working together.  If you want to use winbind to provide authentication for other
services, keep reading.  The pam configuration files need to be altered in
this step.  (Did you remember to make backups of your original
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d</TT
> (or <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.conf</TT
>) file[s]? If not, do it now.)</P
><P
>You will need a PAM module to use <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>winbindd</B
> with these other services.  This
module will be compiled in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>../source/nsswitch</TT
> directory
by invoking the command</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>make nsswitch/pam_winbind.so</B
></P
><P
>from the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>../source</TT
> directory.  The
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pam_winbind.so</TT
> file should be copied to the location of
your other pam security modules.  On Linux and Solaris systems, this is the
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/lib/security</TT
> directory.</P
><P
><TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cp nsswitch/pam_winbind.so /lib/security</B
>
<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>root#</TT
> <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>chmod 755 /lib/security/pam_winbind.so</B
></P
><P
>Other services, such as the normal login on the console (or a terminal
session), telnet logins, and ftp service, can be modified to allow the use of winbind
as an authentication service.  In order to enable these
services, you may first need to change the entries in
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/xinetd.d</TT
> (or <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/inetd.conf</TT
>).
RedHat 7.1 uses the new xinetd.d structure, in this case you need
to change the lines in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/xinetd.d/telnet</TT
>
and <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/xinetd.d/wu-ftp</TT
> from</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>enable = no</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>to</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>enable = yes</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>For ftp services to work properly, you will also need to either
have individual directories for the domain users already present on
the server, or change the home directory template to a general
directory for all domain users.  These can be easily set using
the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>smb.conf</TT
> global entry
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>template homedir</B
>.</P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d/ftp</TT
> file can be changed
to allow winbind ftp access in a manner similar to the
samba file.  My <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d/ftp</TT
> file was
changed to look like this:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>auth       required     /lib/security/pam_listfile.so item=user sense=deny file=/etc/ftpusers onerr=succeed
auth       sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_shells.so
account    sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
account    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
session    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>The <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.d/login</TT
> file can be changed nearly the
same way.  It now looks like this:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>auth       required     /lib/security/pam_securetty.so
auth       sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
auth       sufficient   /lib/security/pam_unix.so use_first_pass
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
auth       required     /lib/security/pam_nologin.so
account    sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
account    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
password   required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
session    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
session    optional     /lib/security/pam_console.so</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>In this case, I added the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_winbind.so</B
>
lines as before, but also added the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>required pam_securetty.so</B
>
above it, to disallow root logins over the network.  I also added a
<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>sufficient /lib/security/pam_unix.so use_first_pass</B
>
line after the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>winbind.so</B
> line to get rid of annoying
double prompts for passwords.</P
><P
>Note that a Solaris <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/etc/pam.conf</TT
> confiruation file looks
very similar to this except thaty the service name is included as the first entry
per line.  An example for the login service is given here.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>## excerpt from /etc/pam.conf on a Solaris 8 system
login   auth required   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
login   auth required   /lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 try_first_pass
login   auth required   /lib/security/$ISA/pam_dial_auth.so.1 try_first_pass</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2411"
>12.6. Limitations</A
></H1
><P
>Winbind has a number of limitations in its current
	released version that we hope to overcome in future
	releases:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>The mappings of Windows NT RIDs to UNIX ids
		is not made algorithmically and depends on the order in which
		unmapped users or groups are seen by winbind. It may be difficult
		to recover the mappings of rid to UNIX id mapping if the file
		containing this information is corrupted or destroyed.</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>Currently the winbind PAM module does not take
		into account possible workstation and logon time restrictions
		that may be been set for Windows NT users.</P
></LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2419"
>12.7. Conclusion</A
></H1
><P
>The winbind system, through the use of the Name Service 
	Switch, Pluggable Authentication Modules, and appropriate 
	Microsoft RPC calls have allowed us to provide seamless 
	integration of Microsoft Windows NT domain users on a
	UNIX system. The result is a great reduction in the administrative 
	cost of running a mixed UNIX and NT network.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="OS2"
>Chapter 13. OS2 Client HOWTO</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2433"
>13.1. FAQs</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2435"
>13.1.1. How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or 
		OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?</A
></H2
><P
>A more complete answer to this question can be 
		found on <A
HREF="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/warp.html"
TARGET="_top"
>		http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/warp.html</A
>.</P
><P
>Basically, you need three components:</P
><P
></P
><UL
><LI
><P
>The File and Print Client ('IBM Peer')
			</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>TCP/IP ('Internet support') 
			</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>The "NetBIOS over TCP/IP" driver ('TCPBEUI')
			</P
></LI
></UL
><P
>Installing the first two together with the base operating 
		system on a blank system is explained in the Warp manual. If Warp 
		has already been installed, but you now want to install the 
		networking support, use the "Selective Install for Networking" 
		object in the "System Setup" folder.</P
><P
>Adding the "NetBIOS over TCP/IP" driver is not described 
		in the manual and just barely in the online documentation. Start 
		MPTS.EXE, click on OK, click on "Configure LAPS" and click 
		on "IBM OS/2 NETBIOS OVER TCP/IP" in  'Protocols'.  This line 
		is then moved to 'Current Configuration'. Select that line, 
		click on "Change number" and increase it from 0 to 1. Save this
		configuration.</P
><P
>If the Samba server(s) is not on your local subnet, you 
		can optionally add IP names and addresses of these servers 
		to the "Names List", or specify a  WINS server ('NetBIOS 
		Nameserver' in IBM and RFC terminology). For Warp Connect you 
		may need to download an update for 'IBM Peer' to bring it on 
		the same level as Warp 4. See the webpage mentioned above.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2450"
>13.1.2. How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), 
		OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?</A
></H2
><P
>You can use the free Microsoft LAN Manager 2.2c Client 
		for OS/2 from 
		<A
HREF="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/"
TARGET="_top"
>		ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/</A
>.
   	See <A
HREF="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/lanman.html"
TARGET="_top"
>		http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/lanman.html</A
> for 
		more information on how to install and use this client. In 
		a nutshell, edit the file \OS2VER in the root directory of 
		the OS/2 boot partition and add the lines:</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>		20=setup.exe
		20=netwksta.sys
		20=netvdd.sys
		</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>before you install the client. Also, don't use the 
		included NE2000 driver because it is buggy. Try the NE2000 
		or NS2000 driver from 
		<A
HREF="ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/"
TARGET="_top"
> 		ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/</A
> instead.
		</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2459"
>13.1.3. Are there any other issues when OS/2 (any version) 
		is used as a client?</A
></H2
><P
>When you do a NET VIEW or use the "File and Print 
		Client Resource Browser", no Samba servers show up. This can 
		be fixed by a patch from <A
HREF="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/fix.html"
TARGET="_top"
>		http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/fix.html</A
>.
		The patch will be included in a later version of Samba. It also 
		fixes a couple of other problems, such as preserving long 
		filenames when objects are dragged from the Workplace Shell 
		to the Samba server. </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2463"
>13.1.4. How do I get printer driver download working 
		for OS/2 clients?</A
></H2
><P
>First, create a share called [PRINTDRV] that is 
		world-readable.  Copy your OS/2 driver files there.  Note 
		that the .EA_ files must still be separate, so you will need 
		to use the original install files, and not copy an installed 
		driver from an OS/2 system.</P
><P
>Install the NT driver first for that printer.  Then, 
		add to your smb.conf a parameter, "os2 driver map = 
		<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>".  Then, in the file 
		specified by <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>, map the 
		name of the NT driver name to the OS/2 driver name as 
		follows:</P
><P
>&#60;nt driver name&#62; = &#60;os2 driver 
		name&#62;.&#60;device name&#62;, e.g.:
		HP LaserJet 5L = LASERJET.HP LaserJet 5L</P
><P
>You can have multiple drivers mapped in this file.</P
><P
>If you only specify the OS/2 driver name, and not the 
		device name, the first attempt to download the driver will 
		actually download the files, but the OS/2 client will tell 
		you the driver is not available.  On the second attempt, it 
		will work.  This is fixed simply by adding the device name
  		 to the mapping, after which it will work on the first attempt.
		</P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="CVS-ACCESS"
>Chapter 14. HOWTO Access Samba source code via CVS</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2479"
>14.1. Introduction</A
></H1
><P
>Samba is developed in an open environment.  Developers use CVS
(Concurrent Versioning System) to "checkin" (also known as 
"commit") new source code.  Samba's various CVS branches can
be accessed via anonymous CVS using the instructions
detailed in this chapter.</P
><P
>This document is a modified version of the instructions found at
<A
HREF="http://samba.org/samba/cvs.html"
TARGET="_top"
>http://samba.org/samba/cvs.html</A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><HR><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN2484"
>14.2. CVS Access to samba.org</A
></H1
><P
>The machine samba.org runs a publicly accessible CVS 
repository for access to the source code of several packages, 
including samba, rsync and jitterbug. There are two main ways of 
accessing the CVS server on this host.</P
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2487"
>14.2.1. Access via CVSweb</A
></H2
><P
>You can access the source code via your 
favourite WWW browser. This allows you to access the contents of 
individual files in the repository and also to look at the revision 
history and commit logs of individual files. You can also ask for a diff 
listing between any two versions on the repository.</P
><P
>Use the URL : <A
HREF="http://samba.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb"
TARGET="_top"
>http://samba.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb</A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><HR><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN2492"
>14.2.2. Access via cvs</A
></H2
><P
>You can also access the source code via a 
normal cvs client.  This gives you much more control over you can 
do with the repository and allows you to checkout whole source trees 
and keep them up to date via normal cvs commands. This is the 
preferred method of access if you are a developer and not
just a casual browser.</P
><P
>To download the latest cvs source code, point your
browser at the URL : <A
HREF="http://www.cyclic.com/"
TARGET="_top"
>http://www.cyclic.com/</A
>.
and click on the 'How to get cvs' link. CVS is free software under 
the GNU GPL (as is Samba).  Note that there are several graphical CVS clients
which provide a graphical interface to the sometimes mundane CVS commands.
Links to theses clients are also available from http://www.cyclic.com.</P
><P
>To gain access via anonymous cvs use the following steps. 
For this example it is assumed that you want a copy of the 
samba source code. For the other source code repositories 
on this system just substitute the correct package name</P
><P
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
>	Install a recent copy of cvs. All you really need is a 
	copy of the cvs client binary. 
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Run the command 
	</P
><P
>	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot login</B
>
	</P
><P
>	When it asks you for a password type <TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>cvs</B
></TT
>.
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Run the command 
	</P
><P
>	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot co samba</B
>
	</P
><P
>	This will create a directory called samba containing the 
	latest samba source code (i.e. the HEAD tagged cvs branch). This 
	currently corresponds to the 3.0 development tree. 
	</P
><P
>	CVS branches other HEAD can be obtained by using the <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>-r</I
></TT
>
	and defining a tag name.  A list of branch tag names can be found on the
	"Development" page of the samba web site.  A common request is to obtain the
	latest 2.2 release code.  This could be done by using the following command.
	</P
><P
>	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot co -r SAMBA_2_2 samba</B
>
	</P
></LI
><LI
><P
>	Whenever you want to merge in the latest code changes use 
	the following command from within the samba directory: 
	</P
><P
>	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>cvs update -d -P</B
>
	</P
></LI
></OL
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><HR><H1
><A
NAME="AEN2520"
>Index</A
></H1
><DL
><DT
>Primary Domain Controller,
    <A
HREF="x1242.htm"
>Background</A
>
  </DT
></DL
></DIV
></BODY
></HTML
>